Final Study Guide

Question 1

List and explain the characteristics of life

Answer 1

Order; Energy Processing; Growth & Development; Evolutionary Adaptation; Response to the Environment; Regulation; Reproduction

Question 2

List the 3 domains and describe which organisms each includes

Answer 2

A) Bacteria - Prokaryotes
B) Archaea - Prokaryotes
C) Eukarya - Plants; Fungi; Animals; Protists

Question 3

List and describe the 5 unifying themes of life

Answer 3

Organization; Information; Energy & Matter; Interactions; Evolution

Question 4

Describe the differences between prokaryotic ans eukaryotic organisms

Answer 4

Both organisms are composed of cells, the basic unit of life, with each cell surrounded by a cell membrane. The biggest difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that eukaryotes have a nucleus. They also have other membrane structures called organelles.

Question 5

List the steps of the scientific method in order

Answer 5

• Observation
• Question
• Hypothesis
• Prediction
• Test
• Result

Question 6

Explain the differences between hypothesis and theory

Answer 6

• A theory is a tested, well-substantiated, unifying explanation for a set of verified, proven factors. - Broad
• A hypothesis is only a suggested possible outcome, and is testable and falsifiable - Specific

Question 7

Define Atom

Answer 7

the basic unit of a chemical element.

Question 8

Define Neutron

Answer 8

a subatomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an electric charge, present in all atomic nuclei except those of ordinary hydrogen.

Question 9

Define Proton

Answer 9

a stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron, but of opposite sign.
Origin

Question 10

Define Electron

Answer 10

a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids.

Question 11

List the four elements that make up about 96% (by weight) of all living organisms

Answer 11

Think CHON

• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• NItrogen

Question 12

How do you use the atomic number and mass to determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons of an atom?

Answer 12

• The number of protons in the nucleus of the atom is equal to the atomic number.
• The number of electrons in a neutral atom is equal to the number of protons.
• The mass number of the atom is equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
• The number of neutrons is equal to the difference between the mass number of the atom and the atomic number

Question 13

Define Isotope

Answer 13

each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element.

Question 14

Define Ion

Answer 14

an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons

Question 15

What is the difference between cation and anion

Answer 15

A cation has a positive charge as it has lost an electron. An anion has a negative charge as it has gained an electron.

Question 16

Define Covalent Bond

Answer 16

the bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms

Question 17

What is the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?

Answer 17

If the electronegativity of two atoms is basically the same, a nonpolar covalent bond will form, and if the electronegativity is slightly different, a polar covalent bond will form.

Question 18

Define ionic bond and give an example

Answer 18

When a positively charged ion forms a bond with a negatively charged ion and one atom transfers electrons to another. An example of an ionic bond is the chemical compound Sodium Chloride

Question 19

Define hydrogen bond

Answer 19

a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.

Question 20

Properties of water

Answer 20

• Polarity
• Cohesion
• Adhesion
• High Specific Heat

Question 21

Define Hydrophobic

Answer 21

tending to repel or fail to mix with water - Non-polar

Question 22

Define hydrophilic

Answer 22

having a tendency to mix with or dissolve in water - Polar

Question 23

Define pH

Answer 23

pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration, a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. The pH scale usually ranges from 0 to 14. Aqueous solutions at 25°C with a pH less than 7 are acidic, while those with a pH greater than 7 are basic or alkaline.

Question 24

Acidic pH

Answer 24

H+ - Lower pH = less than 7

Question 25

Basic pH

Answer 25

Accepts H+ - Higher pH =higher than 7

Question 26

Neutral pH

Answer 26

7 on the pH scale

Question 27

Define pH buffer

Answer 27

are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications

Question 28

Distinguish between organic and inorganic substances

Answer 28

The main difference is in the presence of a carbon atom