Final study guide Flashcards
The study of human development may best be described as an attempt to understand:
how and why people change across the life span.
Even though both of La Mont’s parents are less than five feet tall, LaMont has grown to a height of 5 feet, 11 inches. His parents lived through the depression era, and LaMont has always had plenty of food and good medical care. His tall height is most likely a result of which of the following?
nurture
It is much easier for children to learn a second language than it is for adults. This exemplifies a:
sensitive period.
Scientific observation would probably be the best choice for a researcher interested in:
the frequency of bullying during school recess periods.
You are doing research looking at how a child’s overall health, SES, and culture affect academic performance. Which of the following would you use to determine this?
factor analysis
A researcher studies the relationship between two variables and determines the likelihood that a change in one variable will result in a change in the other. What type of research is this person conducting?
correlational
Joseph always dates women who are at least ten years older than he is. Which of the following might Freud propose as an explanation for Joseph’s attraction to older women?
Joseph is stuck in the phallic stage of development.
In the industry vs. inferiority stage, children try to: Erik Erikson
master new skills.
Freud and Erikson would both agree that:
problems of adult life stem from unresolved conflicts of childhood.
In operant conditioning, an organism learns that:
a neutral stimulus is associated with a meaningful stimulus.
Lori always yells at her 5-year-old son Jake when he won’t get dressed for school. Although she has been yelling at him to get dressed nearly every day for months, he still does not comply when she asks him to get dressed. Operant conditioning would explain this by pointing out that:
Lori’s yelling is not working as a punishment.
Social learning theory emphasizes: Ly vygotsky
observation and imitation.
According to Vygotsky, novices learn from mentors through a process called an apprenticeship in:
learning.
Saul and Joe are unrelated next door neighbors. What percentage of the human genome do they share?
99.9 percent
Which of the following is a major contributor to the fact that the human race has survived in spite of diseases such as malaria, the plague, and possibly even HIV?
the homogenous nature of our gene pool
Marsha has twins, a boy and a girl. The twins are:
dizygotic. 2 eggs linked to its own sperm
Boys can inherit an X-linked trait from their:
mother only.
Chromosomal abnormalities occur when a zygote’s cells have:
more or fewer than the usual 46 chromosomes.
What percentage of in vitro conceptions implant?
10 percent
The fetus begins to develop male sex organs if:
the SRY gene on the Y chromosome commands the sex organ to develop.
During prenatal development, a particular organ or body part is most vulnerable to exposure to teratogens during its:
vulnerability period.
Because Suzanne is pregnant, she drinks only one glass of wine a day and smokes fewer cigarettes than previously. She should be told that:
each drug might intensify the effects of the other.
Despite widespread information on the harmful effects of smoking and drinking during pregnancy, according to recent research:
14 percent of women acknowledged smoking during their third trimester and 5 percent acknowledged drinking.
A distorted face with small eyes, mental retardation, and hyperactivity are all symptoms of:
fetal alcohol syndrome.
The World Health Organization’s definition for extremely low birth weight is weighing less than:
3 pounds 5 ounces.
The average North American newborn measures:
20 inches (51 cm).
From birth until age 2 years, the density of dendrites in the cortex increases:
fivefold.
Jen had little to play with as an infant but developed into a curious, intelligent preschooler who concocted toys out of whatever she could find. She is developing her brain through:
self-righting.
The average infant’s visual systems:
benefit from stimulation in the early months of life.
When infants turn their heads and suck in response to a touch on the cheek, they are demonstrating the:
rooting reflex.
The Swiss scientist who emphasized that infants are active learners and that early learning is based on sensory and motor skills was:
Jean Piaget.
Which of the following is a behavior that you would observe in the second of Piaget’s sensorimotor stages?
an infant playing with his own toes
Sensorimotor stage four is the stage of:
new means through mental combinations.
A baby trying to pry his Dad’s fingers apart to get to a small toy hidden in his hand demonstrates accomplishment of:
object permanence.
As I’m walking with my toddler son one day we see a beautiful rose, and I bend down to smell it. I notice, though, that there is a bee in the rose so I quickly back away. Before I can stop my son, he has already stuck his nose into the rose and has been stung by the bee. Which of the following best explains the differences in our behaviors?
Because of my life experience, my selective perception of the affordances offered by the combination of the rose and the bee allowed me to know the danger.
At approximately what age will a child begin to utter her first two-word sentences?
10–12 months
The stimulation of one sense in the brain by a different sensation is known as:
synesthesia.
The research method most commonly used to study infant temperament is:
observation.
Distal parenting tends to produce children who are:
self-aware.
On the average, parents and infants spend about ______ in face-to-face play daily.
half an hour
The most critical element in determining synchrony is:
sensitivity to timing.
Which of the following fathers is likely to be as actively engaged with their infant as the child’s mother?
Paulo, who is from Brazil
Infant day care is of high quality if caregivers emphasize, among other things:
sensorimotor exploration.
The body mass index (BMI) is the lowest of the life span at age:
5.
Parents of a 5-year-old girl are likely to say:
“She isn’t eating enough.”
The part of the brain responsible for planning and analyzing matures during:
early childhood.
Which of the following substances has been shown to reduce intelligence and increase behavior problems in young children?
lead
An example of tertiary prevention is:
emergency room procedures that reduce brain swelling.
The period when children’s bodies become adult like is called:
puberty.
During puberty, testosterone increases:
in both males and females.
Which of the following adolescents will be most likely to experience menarche first?
Rebecca, who is of African descent
Song, at age 13, is experiencing a growth spurt. Previously an early riser, he is still in bed at 10 a.m. if given the chance and not asleep until 1 a.m. These changes may be attributed to:
a change in his diurnal cycle.
Child sexual abuse is most common:
in the school-age years.
Of the following parts of the brain, which is the last to fully mature in adolescence?
prefrontal cortex
Sixteen-year-old Paul drinks heavily and drives dangerously fast, believing that he cannot be hurt. Paul is demonstrating:
the invincibility fable.
Which of the following is true of hypothetical thought:
It involves imagined possibilities.
In Klaczynski’s studies of adolescents’ analytical thinking, those who jumped ahead to what experience had taught them, rather than sticking to the logical task at hand, used:
intuitive thinking.
According to research conducted in 2005, which of the following students is most likely to be admired during middle school?
Louise, who uses marijuana and frequently finds herself in physical fights
According to Erikson, adolescents are in the stage of:
identity versus role confusion.
Identity diffusion is typically characterized by:
foreclosure.
Enrique strongly believes that males should always be the ones to ask females out on dates. He believes that if a man accepts an invitation for a date from a girl it makes him a sissy. This is an expression of Enrique’s:
gender identity.
The abstinence-only sex-education program that was widely promoted in the United States in 1998 resulted in:
no significant impact in sexual activity by teenagers.
Adolescents who perform acts of Para suicide:
will tend to try again if authority figures assume the attempt was serious.
Identify the accurate statement about adolescent crime:
There are many one-time offenders.
An example of kinship care is:
Eric and Sherral provide foster care for their neglected nephew.
A magician’s stock and trade is getting the audience to focus on one aspect of his demonstration while he is manipulating another. This is most easy with preoperational children, as they are easily fooled with their tendency to:
demonstrate centration.
The inability to understand the Piagetian concept of conservation is a direct and most immediate result of:
centration.
Any superstitious behavior such as the belief that a black cat can bring bad luck is called:
animism.
Preschoolers have a tendency to try to make up a reason why things that they see and hear occur. This tendency is known as:
theory-theory.
When children hear a new word in a familiar context, they can simply add the word to the general category without fully understanding the word. This is called:
fast-mapping.
Genes are most likely to influence which type of language?
expressive
An illness or disorder of the mind is referred to as:
psychopathology.
Which of the following play practices would be most common in 3-year-old Chinese children?
solitary play
Mrs. Kaminsky is a very nurturing parent and has good communication with her children whom she never disciplines. Her parenting style is:
permissive.
Joey fell from his tricycle and skinned his knee. He began to cry and his friend, Andre, also started to cry after watching him fall. Applying research with mirror neurons to this situation, we might say that:
Andre’s brain was activated to feel Joey’s pain.
Compared with other cultures, North American families of preschool children:
use the discipline technique of time out most often to deal with a child’s misbehavior.
According to your text, ______ differences are biological and ______ differences are culturally prescribed.
sex; gender
The view of development that asserts that girls tend to be more responsive to language than boys is:
sociocultural theory.
When you look at the rate of growth for children from ages 7 to 11, you see that:
children grow more slowly than they did in early childhood.
Which of the following is a real example of how social influences contribute to childhood obesity?
Policy decisions made by schools consider cost effectiveness more important than nutritious lunches.
Growth in brain sophistication during middle childhood allows the child to direct his focus on certain stimuli to the exclusion of others. This ability is known as:
selective attention.
Aptitude tests are designed to measure:
potential for learning.
Approximately what percentage of young children have ADD?
10 percent.
Seamus is obsessive about details when drawing pictures. He keeps his bedroom spotless and meticulously organized. He tends to shy away from other children and is awkward when trying to relate to others. Which of the following diagnoses would best fit Seamus’s behavior?
autism
According to Piaget, which of the following abilities do children gain during middle childhood?
logic
With concrete operational thought, children can:
think logically about tangible things.
Which of the following is a crucial difference between Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories of learning?
Piaget emphasized the child’s own discovery processes, while Vygotsky stressed the importance of instruction.
Which of the following is the best example of automatization?
Jeffrey is able to tie his shoes quickly.
According to the information-processing theory, children learn concepts best if:
they use metacognition.
According to research conducted by Snyder, which of the following statements most accurately reflects the public perception of schools in the United States?
Most adults rate schools in their own communities lower than schools nationwide.
The problem with smaller school classes is that:
the research supporting their advantages is mixed.
According to Freud, which of the following will 8-year-old Sven experience?
repression of his psychosexual needs
Julia esteems herself very highly but scorns her peers. Research indicates that most likely, she will:
be very independent.
A major coping measure that helps children and families deal with problems and stress is:
social support.
School-age children would most admire:
Marla, who was punished for not telling the teacher who threw a paper airplane.
The key word in the definition of bullying is:
repeated.
The “Zone of Proximal Development” is associated with which theorist?
Lev Vygotsky.
Jean Piaget’s theory is focused on which of the following developmental domains:
cognitive
Which of the following theorists is associated with Psychosocial Theory?
Lev Vygotsky
The researcher most closely associated with operant conditioning is:
B. F. Skinner
