Final study guide

Question 1

The study of human development may best be described as an attempt to understand:

Answer 1

how and why people change across the life span.

Question 2

Even though both of La Mont’s parents are less than five feet tall, LaMont has grown to a height of 5 feet, 11 inches. His parents lived through the depression era, and LaMont has always had plenty of food and good medical care. His tall height is most likely a result of which of the following?

Answer 2

nurture

Question 3

It is much easier for children to learn a second language than it is for adults. This exemplifies a:

Answer 3

sensitive period.

Question 4

Scientific observation would probably be the best choice for a researcher interested in:

Answer 4

the frequency of bullying during school recess periods.

Question 5

You are doing research looking at how a child’s overall health, SES, and culture affect academic performance. Which of the following would you use to determine this?

Answer 5

factor analysis

Question 6

A researcher studies the relationship between two variables and determines the likelihood that a change in one variable will result in a change in the other. What type of research is this person conducting?

Answer 6

correlational

Question 7

Joseph always dates women who are at least ten years older than he is. Which of the following might Freud propose as an explanation for Joseph’s attraction to older women?

Answer 7

Joseph is stuck in the phallic stage of development.

Question 8

In the industry vs. inferiority stage, children try to: Erik Erikson

Answer 8

master new skills.

Question 9

Freud and Erikson would both agree that:

Answer 9

problems of adult life stem from unresolved conflicts of childhood.

Question 10

In operant conditioning, an organism learns that:

Answer 10

a neutral stimulus is associated with a meaningful stimulus.

Question 11

Lori always yells at her 5-year-old son Jake when he won’t get dressed for school. Although she has been yelling at him to get dressed nearly every day for months, he still does not comply when she asks him to get dressed. Operant conditioning would explain this by pointing out that:

Answer 11

Lori’s yelling is not working as a punishment.

Question 12

Social learning theory emphasizes: Ly vygotsky

Answer 12

observation and imitation.

Question 13

According to Vygotsky, novices learn from mentors through a process called an apprenticeship in:

Answer 13

learning.

Question 14

Saul and Joe are unrelated next door neighbors. What percentage of the human genome do they share?

Answer 14

99.9 percent

Question 15

Which of the following is a major contributor to the fact that the human race has survived in spite of diseases such as malaria, the plague, and possibly even HIV?

Answer 15

the homogenous nature of our gene pool

Question 16

Marsha has twins, a boy and a girl. The twins are:

Answer 16

dizygotic. 2 eggs linked to its own sperm

Question 17

Boys can inherit an X-linked trait from their:

Answer 17

mother only.

Question 18

Chromosomal abnormalities occur when a zygote’s cells have:

Answer 18

more or fewer than the usual 46 chromosomes.

Question 19

What percentage of in vitro conceptions implant?

Answer 19

10 percent

Question 20

The fetus begins to develop male sex organs if:

Answer 20

the SRY gene on the Y chromosome commands the sex organ to develop.

Question 21

During prenatal development, a particular organ or body part is most vulnerable to exposure to teratogens during its:

Answer 21

vulnerability period.

Question 22

Because Suzanne is pregnant, she drinks only one glass of wine a day and smokes fewer cigarettes than previously. She should be told that:

Answer 22

each drug might intensify the effects of the other.

Question 23

Despite widespread information on the harmful effects of smoking and drinking during pregnancy, according to recent research:

Answer 23

14 percent of women acknowledged smoking during their third trimester and 5 percent acknowledged drinking.

Question 24

A distorted face with small eyes, mental retardation, and hyperactivity are all symptoms of:

Answer 24

fetal alcohol syndrome.

Question 25

The World Health Organization's definition for extremely low birth weight is weighing less than:

Answer 25

3 pounds 5 ounces.

Question 26

The average North American newborn measures:

Answer 26

20 inches (51 cm).

Question 27

From birth until age 2 years, the density of dendrites in the cortex increases:

Answer 27

fivefold.

Question 28

Jen had little to play with as an infant but developed into a curious, intelligent preschooler who concocted toys out of whatever she could find. She is developing her brain through:

Answer 28

self-righting.

Question 29

The average infant's visual systems:

Answer 29

benefit from stimulation in the early months of life.

Question 30

When infants turn their heads and suck in response to a touch on the cheek, they are demonstrating the:

Answer 30

rooting reflex.

Question 31

The Swiss scientist who emphasized that infants are active learners and that early learning is based on sensory and motor skills was:

Answer 31

Jean Piaget.

Question 32

Which of the following is a behavior that you would observe in the second of Piaget’s sensorimotor stages?

Answer 32

an infant playing with his own toes

Question 33

Sensorimotor stage four is the stage of:

Answer 33

new means through mental combinations.

Question 34

A baby trying to pry his Dad's fingers apart to get to a small toy hidden in his hand demonstrates accomplishment of:

Answer 34

object permanence.

Question 35

As I'm walking with my toddler son one day we see a beautiful rose, and I bend down to smell it. I notice, though, that there is a bee in the rose so I quickly back away. Before I can stop my son, he has already stuck his nose into the rose and has been stung by the bee. Which of the following best explains the differences in our behaviors?

Answer 35

Because of my life experience, my selective perception of the affordances offered by the combination of the rose and the bee allowed me to know the danger.

Question 36

At approximately what age will a child begin to utter her first two-word sentences?

Answer 36

10–12 months

Question 37

The stimulation of one sense in the brain by a different sensation is known as:

Answer 37

synesthesia.

Question 38

The research method most commonly used to study infant temperament is:

Answer 38

observation.

Question 39

Distal parenting tends to produce children who are:

Answer 39

self-aware.

Question 40

On the average, parents and infants spend about ______ in face-to-face play daily.

Answer 40

half an hour

Question 41

The most critical element in determining synchrony is:

Answer 41

sensitivity to timing.

Question 42

Which of the following fathers is likely to be as actively engaged with their infant as the child's mother?

Answer 42

Paulo, who is from Brazil

Question 43

Infant day care is of high quality if caregivers emphasize, among other things:

Answer 43

sensorimotor exploration.

Question 44

The body mass index (BMI) is the lowest of the life span at age:

Answer 44

5.

Question 45

Parents of a 5-year-old girl are likely to say:

Answer 45

“She isn't eating enough.”

Question 46

The part of the brain responsible for planning and analyzing matures during:

Answer 46

early childhood.

Question 47

Which of the following substances has been shown to reduce intelligence and increase behavior problems in young children?

Answer 47

lead

Question 48

An example of tertiary prevention is:

Answer 48

emergency room procedures that reduce brain swelling.

Question 49

The period when children's bodies become adult like is called:

Answer 49

puberty.

Question 50

During puberty, testosterone increases:

Answer 50

in both males and females.

Question 51

Which of the following adolescents will be most likely to experience menarche first?

Answer 51

Rebecca, who is of African descent

Question 52

Song, at age 13, is experiencing a growth spurt. Previously an early riser, he is still in bed at 10 a.m. if given the chance and not asleep until 1 a.m. These changes may be attributed to:

Answer 52

a change in his diurnal cycle.

Question 53

Child sexual abuse is most common:

Answer 53

in the school-age years.

Question 54

Of the following parts of the brain, which is the last to fully mature in adolescence?

Answer 54

prefrontal cortex

Question 55

Sixteen-year-old Paul drinks heavily and drives dangerously fast, believing that he cannot be hurt. Paul is demonstrating:

Answer 55

the invincibility fable.

Question 56

Which of the following is true of hypothetical thought:

Answer 56

It involves imagined possibilities.

Question 57

In Klaczynski's studies of adolescents' analytical thinking, those who jumped ahead to what experience had taught them, rather than sticking to the logical task at hand, used:

Answer 57

intuitive thinking.

Question 58

According to research conducted in 2005, which of the following students is most likely to be admired during middle school?

Answer 58

Louise, who uses marijuana and frequently finds herself in physical fights

Question 59

According to Erikson, adolescents are in the stage of:

Answer 59

identity versus role confusion.

Question 60

Identity diffusion is typically characterized by:

Answer 60

foreclosure.

Question 61

Enrique strongly believes that males should always be the ones to ask females out on dates. He believes that if a man accepts an invitation for a date from a girl it makes him a sissy. This is an expression of Enrique's:

Answer 61

gender identity.

Question 62

The abstinence-only sex-education program that was widely promoted in the United States in 1998 resulted in:

Answer 62

no significant impact in sexual activity by teenagers.

Question 63

Adolescents who perform acts of Para suicide:

Answer 63

will tend to try again if authority figures assume the attempt was serious.

Question 64

Identify the accurate statement about adolescent crime:

Answer 64

There are many one-time offenders.

Question 65

An example of kinship care is:

Answer 65

Eric and Sherral provide foster care for their neglected nephew.

Question 66

A magician's stock and trade is getting the audience to focus on one aspect of his demonstration while he is manipulating another. This is most easy with preoperational children, as they are easily fooled with their tendency to:

Answer 66

demonstrate centration.

Question 67

The inability to understand the Piagetian concept of conservation is a direct and most immediate result of:

Answer 67

centration.

Question 68

Any superstitious behavior such as the belief that a black cat can bring bad luck is called:

Answer 68

animism.

Question 69

Preschoolers have a tendency to try to make up a reason why things that they see and hear occur. This tendency is known as:

Answer 69

theory-theory.

Question 70

When children hear a new word in a familiar context, they can simply add the word to the general category without fully understanding the word. This is called:

Answer 70

fast-mapping.

Question 71

Genes are most likely to influence which type of language?

Answer 71

expressive

Question 72

An illness or disorder of the mind is referred to as:

Answer 72

psychopathology.

Question 73

Which of the following play practices would be most common in 3-year-old Chinese children?

Answer 73

solitary play

Question 74

Mrs. Kaminsky is a very nurturing parent and has good communication with her children whom she never disciplines. Her parenting style is:

Answer 74

permissive.

Question 75

Joey fell from his tricycle and skinned his knee. He began to cry and his friend, Andre, also started to cry after watching him fall. Applying research with mirror neurons to this situation, we might say that:

Answer 75

Andre's brain was activated to feel Joey's pain.

Question 76

Compared with other cultures, North American families of preschool children:

Answer 76

use the discipline technique of time out most often to deal with a child's misbehavior.

Question 77

According to your text, ______ differences are biological and ______ differences are culturally prescribed.

Answer 77

sex; gender

Question 78

The view of development that asserts that girls tend to be more responsive to language than boys is:

Answer 78

sociocultural theory.

Question 79

When you look at the rate of growth for children from ages 7 to 11, you see that:

Answer 79

children grow more slowly than they did in early childhood.

Question 80

Which of the following is a real example of how social influences contribute to childhood obesity?

Answer 80

Policy decisions made by schools consider cost effectiveness more important than nutritious lunches.

Question 81

Growth in brain sophistication during middle childhood allows the child to direct his focus on certain stimuli to the exclusion of others. This ability is known as:

Answer 81

selective attention.

Question 82

Aptitude tests are designed to measure:

Answer 82

potential for learning.

Question 83

Approximately what percentage of young children have ADD?

Answer 83

10 percent.

Question 84

Seamus is obsessive about details when drawing pictures. He keeps his bedroom spotless and meticulously organized. He tends to shy away from other children and is awkward when trying to relate to others. Which of the following diagnoses would best fit Seamus's behavior?

Answer 84

autism

Question 85

According to Piaget, which of the following abilities do children gain during middle childhood?

Answer 85

logic

Question 86

With concrete operational thought, children can:

Answer 86

think logically about tangible things.

Question 87

Which of the following is a crucial difference between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories of learning?

Answer 87

Piaget emphasized the child's own discovery processes, while Vygotsky stressed the importance of instruction.

Question 88

Which of the following is the best example of automatization?

Answer 88

Jeffrey is able to tie his shoes quickly.

Question 89

According to the information-processing theory, children learn concepts best if:

Answer 89

they use metacognition.

Question 90

According to research conducted by Snyder, which of the following statements most accurately reflects the public perception of schools in the United States?

Answer 90

Most adults rate schools in their own communities lower than schools nationwide.

Question 91

The problem with smaller school classes is that:

Answer 91

the research supporting their advantages is mixed.

Question 92

According to Freud, which of the following will 8-year-old Sven experience?

Answer 92

repression of his psychosexual needs

Question 93

Julia esteems herself very highly but scorns her peers. Research indicates that most likely, she will:

Answer 93

be very independent.

Question 94

A major coping measure that helps children and families deal with problems and stress is:

Answer 94

social support.

Question 95

School-age children would most admire:

Answer 95

Marla, who was punished for not telling the teacher who threw a paper airplane.

Question 96

The key word in the definition of bullying is:

Answer 96

repeated.

Question 97

The “Zone of Proximal Development” is associated with which theorist?

Answer 97

Lev Vygotsky.

Question 98

Jean Piaget’s theory is focused on which of the following developmental domains:

Answer 98

cognitive

Question 99

Which of the following theorists is associated with Psychosocial Theory?

Answer 99

Lev Vygotsky

Question 100

The researcher most closely associated with operant conditioning is:

Answer 100

B. F. Skinner