Final Study Guide

Question 1

Bricker Amendment

Answer 1

A Constitutional amendment proposed in the 1950s.

Named after Senator John Bricker of Ohio, a neo-isolationist Republican.

Would have ensured Congress’ role in approving all treaties and executive agreements.

Question 2

Case-Zablocki Act

Answer 2

A federal law signed in 1972.

Required the executive branch to report to Congress within 60 days of entering into international agreements.

The State Department bore such responsibility but often reported late or not at all.

Question 3

Boland Amendments

Answer 3

A series of legislative amendments passed in the 1980s.

Attached to various pieces of appropriations legislation.

Intended to limit the Reagan administration’s ability to fund the Nicaraguan contras.

Question 4

Earmarking of Funds

Answer 4

A budgetary process practiced by members of Congress.

Designates certain amounts of money to be spent only in specific regions or for specific purposes.

For example, the U.S. earmarks funds for Israel and Egypt to prevent fighting between the two.

Question 5

Jackson-Vanik Amendment

Answer 5

An amendment to the Trade Act of 1974.

Prevented presidents from granting most-favored-nation trade status to countries that restrict the emigration of its citizens.

Meant to primarily target the Soviet Union.

Question 6

Notifications

Answer 6

One of three types of reports from the executive branch to Congress.

Informs members of Congress of certain foreign policy actions.

Often includes the word “consistent” rather than “compliant” to describe an action’s relationship with the War Powers Act

Question 7

Legislative Veto

Answer 7

An action by which the legislative branch could override executive actions.

A notable example was a provision of the War Powers Act that gave Congress the authority to disengage troops within 60 days of deployment by the President.

Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

Question 8

“Where You Stand Depends On Where You Sit”

Answer 8

A catchphrase commonly associated with the bureaucratic politics model.

“Where you stand” refers to one’s opinion on a foreign policy issue.

“Where you sit” refers to one’s position in government.

Question 9

Antony J. Blinken

Answer 9

The current Secretary of State.

Serves under President Joe Biden.

Known for leading the Biden administration’s reversal of the previous administration’s more nationalist foreign policy agenda.

Question 10

Ambassador

Answer 10

A diplomat sent to a foreign country.

Represents the United States government and is authorized to conduct foreign policy activities in that country.

Often given to friends of the sitting president.

Question 11

USAID

Answer 11

Short for the United States Agency of International Development.

A federal government agency founded in 1961 under JFK.

Leads U.S. international development and humanitarian aid efforts.

Question 12

Jacob J. Sullivan

Answer 12

The current National Security Advisor.

Serves under President Joe Biden.

Also served as the national security advisor to Vice President Biden during the Obama administration.

Question 13

Joint Chiefs of Staff

Answer 13

Consists of the heads of each military branch, as well as a chairman and vice chairman.

Advises the president on military matters.

They do not have operational command over troops, though.

Question 14

National Security Agency

Answer 14

An intelligence agency of the U.S. government.

Reports to the Director of National Intelligence.

Collects and processes information for foreign intelligence and counterintelligence operations.

Question 15

DNI

Answer 15

Short for the Director of National Intelligence.

Oversees the American intelligence community, including the CIA.

Advises the president on intelligence matters.

Question 16

NSC-DC

Answer 16

Short for the National Security Council.

Consists of senior Cabinet members and national security advisors, including the national security advisor.

Advises the president on foreign policy and national security matters.

Question 17

DHS

Answer 17

Short for the Department of Homeland Security.

Created by Congress in the aftermath of 9/11.

Assists in responding to foreign and domestic security concerns.

Question 18

Partisanship

Answer 18

Issue contestation by political parties.

Encompasses disagreements over strategy, tactics, means, and ends of or for U.S. government policy.

Prevalent in today’s political landscape.

Question 19

Bipartisanship

Answer 19

Issue agreement between political parties.

Encompasses ideological similarities, coalition dynamics, appeals to moderate voters, practical rationality, and responses to external threats.

Was prevalent in the Cold War era until the Vietnam War shattered the consensus.

Question 20

Foreign Lobbies

Answer 20

Agents that lobby on behalf of foreign governments to advance their interests.

Must register with the U.S. government per the Foreign Agents Registration Act.

China spends the most on foreign lobbies.

Question 21

Think Tanks

Answer 21

Research institutions that offer policy advice at all levels of government.

They often employ subject-matter experts and former government officials.

Examples include the Heritage Foundation and the Council on Foreign Relations.

Question 22

AIPAC

Answer 22

Short for the American Israel Public Affairs Committee.

A coalition of individuals and organizations seeking to advance pro-Israel policies.

Considered one of the most powerful lobbying groups in the U.S.

Question 23

Heritage Foundation

Answer 23

A prominent think tank.

Leans conservative and advocates for such policies.

Publishes research on domestic and foreign policy that influences decision makers.

Question 24

Military Industrial Complex

Answer 24

A relationship between the U.S. military and the defense industry.

Its proponents often promote defense spending and militant internationalism.

President Eisenhower warned of the dangers it poses before leaving office.

Question 25

CNN Effect

Answer 25

Media’s ability to elevate issues to national prominence by covering them.

Such coverage may lead the government to take actions it otherwise wouldn’t have.

Named after CNN, primarily for its coverage of the Gulf War.

Question 26

Liberal Media Bias

Answer 26

The idea that media outlets tend to harbor a bias towards liberal policies.

Supported by the fact that most people in media are wealthy and well-educated.

Fox News remains the only major exception.

Question 27

Elite/Mass Differences

Answer 27

Elitist views tend to deviate from those held by the masses, due in part to wealth and education disparities.

Elitists tend to be internationalists and accommodationists.

The masses’ views are more distributed across its support or opposition to cooperative and militant internationalism.

Question 28

Internationalists

Answer 28

A term to describe voters based on their responses to public opinion polls regarding foreign policy.

Supports cooperative and militant internationalism.

President Biden is a notable example.

Question 29

Hardliners

Answer 29

A term to describe voters based on their responses to public opinion polls regarding foreign policy.

Opposes cooperative internationalism but supports militant internationalism.

Henry Kissinger is a notable example from history.

Question 30

Isolationists

Answer 30

A term to describe voters based on their responses to public opinion polls regarding foreign policy.

Opposes cooperative and militant internationalism.

Characterizes few, if any, U.S. government officials today.

Question 31

Accommodationists

Answer 31

A term to describe voters based on their responses to public opinion polls regarding foreign policy.

Supports cooperative internationalism but opposes militant internationalism.

President Carter is a notable example from history.

Question 32

Public Mood

Answer 32

Indicates the public’s attention and support towards foreign policy.

Early research assumed incoherence, but later research has been able to categorize attitudes toward foreign policy.

As illustrated by the CNN effect, media coverage can profoundly affect the public mood.

Question 33

Anticipatory Constraints

Answer 33

Self-imposed limitations on presidential decision-making.

A goal that the various provisions of the War Powers Act aimed to achieve, particularly in regard to war.

The public mood may also lead to such constraints, especially in election years.

Question 34

Sovereign Obligation

Answer 34

An aspect of Haas’ World Order 2.0.

Recognizes that nations have obligations to citizens of other nations as well as their own.

For example, nations ought to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons to protect all citizens.

Question 35

World Order 1.0

Answer 35

Haas’ view of the international system before the Cold War’s end.

Predicated on the idea of national sovereignty.

Has proven increasingly ineffective in the age of globalization, warranting its replacement with World Order 2.0.

Question 36

World Order 2.0

Answer 36

Haas’ ideal of the international system after the Cold War’s end.

Predicated on the idea of sovereign obligations to citizens of other nations as well as one’s own.

Views the U.S. as an indispensable actor that cannot afford to be aloof of foreign affairs.