Final Study Guide Flashcards
what is a steroid hormone synthesized from
cholesterol
which hormones promote growth?
growth hormone produced in response to growth hormone releasing hormone from the hypothalamus
what is a peptide hormone synthesized from?
protein
what is an amine hormone derived from?
amino acid TYROSINE ex- thyroid hormone
what is the role of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)?
secreted in response to food ingestion
-slows gastric emptying
-supresses glucagon secretion
-enhances gluscose dependent insulin secretion
-decreases cell death of beta cells
which hormones are involved in calcium balance?
PTH
Calictriol
Calcitonin
Source, release trigger, and target cells of PTH
Source- parathyroid glands
Release trigger- low blood Ca+ levels
Target cells- osteoclasts (bone)
-Kidneys
- Intestines
Source, release trigger, and target cells of Calictriol (Vit. D)
Source- sunlight or ingested in diet
Activation- Liver converts to 25 hydroxyvitamin D
Kidney convers to 1.25 (/Calcitriol)
Target-intestine-enhances ca+ and phos absorption
-bone- facilitates bone mineralization
-kidney- reduces calcium excretion by enhancing reabsorption
Source, release trigger, and target cells of Calcitonin
Source- thyroid gland (c-cell)
Release- high blood Ca+ levels
Target- osteoclasts to inhibit bone resorption and decrease ca release from blood
Kidney- renal tubular cells (increase Ca+ excretion)
What is down reglulation
a protective mechanism to decrease the responsiveness of target cells to the hormone
- sustained elevation of plasma levels of a hormone will cause the target cell to DECREASE the number of receptors it has
what are the main roles of insulin
glucose metabolism- faciliataes uptake of glucose into cells, stimulates conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage in the liver, inhibits glycogenolysis
Lipid Metabolism-
Protein Metabolism
Potassium homeostasis
what happens with insulin and the presence of c-peptides
c-peptide can be used to assess endogenous insulin production
-serves as an important clinical marker for evaluating pancreatic fxn and insulin secretion
what stimulates gluconeogenesis (4)
fasting
prolonged exercise
high protein diet
stress
What are the primary stimuli for aldosterone production?
Low blood pressure,
low blood volume,
high potassium levels,
and low sodium levels.
Which electrolyte has the greatest role in stimulating aldosterone production?
k
