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Final Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

(ENERGY)What are the three forms of potential energy?

A

Gravitational, Elastic & Chemical

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2
Q

What are the five forms of kinetic energy?

A

Mechanical(both PE & KE) - Thermal, Electrical
Electromagnetic, Nuclear

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3
Q

What is an energy pathway?

A

Multiple conversions of energy forms. A battery in a flashlight is exemplified with the red arrows.

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4
Q

What does energy efficiency mean? (Use lightbulbs as an example)

A

How much energy is lost to a form of energy not intended. An example is a lightbulb. A lightbulb that gets hot, wastes energy via heat transfer and is therefore inefficient.

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5
Q

Compare temperature and thermal kinetic energy.

A

Temperature scales measure the average kinetic energy of a substance. The more molecules vibrating in a substance the more total kinetic energy that substance has.

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6
Q

(MATTER) How many electrons can be on the first shell/energy level?

A

2

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7
Q

How many electrons can be on all other shells/energy levels?

A

8

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8
Q

Which subatomic particle identifies an atom? (Atomic number)

A

The number of protons

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9
Q

Which two subatomic particles are factored into the atomic mass?

A

The average number of protons and neutrons

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10
Q

Which two subatomic particles are factored into the atomic mass?

A

The average number of protons and neutrons

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11
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom with an unbalanced number of protons (+) and electrons (-)

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12
Q

How is the modern model of an atom more complex than the Neils Bohr model?

A

it is more complex. Electrons move rapidly in a sphere/cloud shape of unpredictable orbits rather than circles.

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13
Q

What is a valence electron?

A

An electron in the outermost energy level or shell. They are involved with bonding atoms to form a molecular compound

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14
Q

When two elements bond together, they form a ….

A

Compound molecule

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15
Q

How many atoms are in a molecule of water? H20

A

There are 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 Oxygen atom. No subscript number means there is 1.

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16
Q

How many elements are in a molecule of water?

A

There are two - Hydrogen and Oxygen

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17
Q

A mixture where you can see separated parts is a ……. mixture

A

Heterogeneous Ex. (oil and water)

Heterogeneous - “Hetero = different, u can see the difference”

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18
Q

A mixture that is a uniform color is a ….. mixture

A

Homogeneous Ex. (Tea or coffee).

Homogenous - “Homo = same, or u cant see difference)

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19
Q

(ELECTRICITY) Electricity is the movement of …….. through a conductive material

A

Electrons

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20
Q

What do we call a material that does not conduct electricity or heat well?

A

An insulator Rubber/Plastic/Wood

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21
Q

The best conductors of electricity are metals with ….. valence electron(s). Some examples are:

A

One
Copper, aluminum, gold, & silver.

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22
Q

a series circuit

A

It is just a square with two bubbles but all go the same way

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23
Q

a parallel circuit

A

square with two bulbs but they are on top of each other and the energy goes left and right

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24
Q

(MAGNETISM) What is the magnetosphere?

A

The magnetic force field that protects Earth by deflecting or trapping charged particles.

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25
What are magnetic poles?
The ends of a magnet that have the strongest magnetic force
26
What are magnetic fields?
The region around a magnet which the force of magnetism acts
27
What elements make a permanent magnet?
Iron, Nickel, Cobalt
28
What is an electromagnet? (give an example).
A metal that can gain magnetism through an electric current.
29
(MECHANICAL WAVES)Waves are the movement of:
Kinetic Energy
30
points on a transverse wave
top - crest bottom - trough length from line to crest - amplitude crest to crest - wavelength/one wave cycle
31
points of a (SOUND) longitudinal wave:
crowded spots - compression space between crowded spots - rarefaction compression to compression - wavelength
32
What is echolocation?
A form of biosonar by the use of sound waves to detect objects
33
Explain the doppler effect of sound waves:
The change in frequency of a sound wave is based on the distance between two objects. EX. a train coming down the track has a higher frequency sound as it gets closer to you.
34
(ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES)All electromagnetic waves move at the speed of .....
Light
35
List the order of electromagnetic waves from low frequency to high
Radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays
36
Which EM waves are used for communication using technology?
Radio waves and microwaves
37
Describe an analog wave vs a digital wave:
An analog wave is a continuous or pulse wave. (All EM waves are analog). A digital wave only exists in a computer through binary code. (A digital wave = square wave that won’t/isn’t subject to wave interference_
38
Which colors of light have the lowest frequency and highest frequency
Red light has the lowest frequency and violet light has the highest frequency.
39
Opaque
Does not pass through
40
Translucent
Scatters light
41
Transparent
passes straight through
42
What is refraction?
The change of direction of a beam of light as it passes through a different medium. EX. From air to water, this tricks our eyes and makes objects appear about !!25%!! larger.
43
Which color absorbs all colors of light?
Black
44
Which reflects all colors of light?
White
45
Why do we see a leaf to be green?
We see green wavelengths of light reflected towards our eyes while other wavelengths of light are absorbed by the leaf such as red and blue.
46
What are the primary colors of light that can make up all other colors of light?
Red, Green & Blue
47
(ASTRONOMY) Where is our solar system located in the Milky Way?
The Orion Spur - We are 25,000 light years from the center and outer edge of the Milky Way
48
What are the four common shapes of galaxies and what is the most common shape?
Spiral is the most abundant shape. The other shapes are (Elliptical, Lenticular, Irregular)
49
How do we measure the distance of stars?
Light Years (5.8 Trillion miles) Speed of light = 186,000 miles per second
50
What phase is our sun and what type of star is it?
Our sun is in its main sequence as a yellow average-mass star
51
What will happen to our sun in its next phase?
Expand into a red giant in 5 billion years & engulf Mercury, Venus & Earth
52
How are stars compared by luminosity units?
The are compared to the brightness of our sun (+/-) times as bright.
53
apparent magnitude
How bright a star appears from Earth.
54
absolute magnitude
How bright a star would be if compared from a set distance of 10 parsecs or 32.6 light years
55
What do numbers mean on the magnitude scales? (+/-)
(Backwards Logarithmic) Negative numbers mean brighter. Sirius the brightest star is -1.46
56
How does a star’s color correlate to temperature?
Red stars are the coolest at around 2,500 K Blue Stars are the hottest and can be up to 30,000 K
57
What temperature scale do we use to compare celestial objects?
The Kelvin Scale
58
In spectroscopy - Emission spectrum
A burning star producing light
59
in spectroscopy - Absorption spectrum
A cold gas or atmosphere absorbing light frequencies
60
What does the cosmic radiation background indicate?
Microwaves detected in all directions indicate the presence of stars and galaxies in all directions. It suggests there are stars & galaxies we cannot see through visible light. Low-frequency EM waves travel the furthest.
61
What does the abundance of hydrogen and helium in the universe suggest?
It suggests that everything started from light elements and heavier elements were produced through nuclear fusion within stars.
62
What does red shift indicate about stars or galaxies?
As a light producing star gets further away from us, the light wavelengths are stretched and appear to be redder.
63
What unit do we use to measure distance in our solar system?
Astronomical Units - The distance between Earth and the Sun. 93 million miles.
64
What does eccentricity measure?
How elliptical an object's orbit around the sun is
65
What are the closest and furthest points of a body in space orbiting the sun called?
Perihelion - closest Aphelion - farthest
66
What is Kepler’s third law of planetary motion?
the squares of the orbital periods of the planets are directly proportional to the cubes of the semi-major axes of their orbits.
67
What is a planet’s rotational period?
The time it takes to spin around its axis. Earth’s day is 24 hours.
68
What is a planet’s orbital period?
The time it takes to orbit around the sun. Earth’s year is 365 days
69
What does a planet’s axial tilt mean?
How many degrees it is tilted if there were a line from its poles
70
The Asteroid Belt
Between the orbits of Mars & Jupiter
71
The Kuiper Belt
Beyond the orbital path of Neptune
72
The Oort Cloud
The outer edges of our solar system in a sphere shape. (Clouds of gas, dust, and debris.
73
comet
icy body that releases gases as it orbits the sun
74
asteroid
rocky body smaller than a planet that orbits the sun
75
meteor
streak of light seen when a meteoroid heats up in the atmosphere
76
meteorite
meteor fragment that reaches the ground
77
Which objects in our solar system have the most elliptical orbits?
Pluto has the most elliptical orbit compared to other planets. Comets have the most elliptical orbits of any celestial body in our solar system.

intergrated science (1 decks)

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