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intergrated science > Final Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

(ENERGY)What are the three forms of potential energy?

A

Gravitational, Elastic & Chemical

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2
Q

What are the five forms of kinetic energy?

A

Mechanical(both PE & KE) - Thermal, Electrical
Electromagnetic, Nuclear

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3
Q

What is an energy pathway?

A

Multiple conversions of energy forms. A battery in a flashlight is exemplified with the red arrows.

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4
Q

What does energy efficiency mean? (Use lightbulbs as an example)

A

How much energy is lost to a form of energy not intended. An example is a lightbulb. A lightbulb that gets hot, wastes energy via heat transfer and is therefore inefficient.

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5
Q

Compare temperature and thermal kinetic energy.

A

Temperature scales measure the average kinetic energy of a substance. The more molecules vibrating in a substance the more total kinetic energy that substance has.

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6
Q

(MATTER) How many electrons can be on the first shell/energy level?

A

2

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7
Q

How many electrons can be on all other shells/energy levels?

A

8

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8
Q

Which subatomic particle identifies an atom? (Atomic number)

A

The number of protons

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9
Q

Which two subatomic particles are factored into the atomic mass?

A

The average number of protons and neutrons

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10
Q

Which two subatomic particles are factored into the atomic mass?

A

The average number of protons and neutrons

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11
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom with an unbalanced number of protons (+) and electrons (-)

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12
Q

How is the modern model of an atom more complex than the Neils Bohr model?

A

it is more complex. Electrons move rapidly in a sphere/cloud shape of unpredictable orbits rather than circles.

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13
Q

What is a valence electron?

A

An electron in the outermost energy level or shell. They are involved with bonding atoms to form a molecular compound

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14
Q

When two elements bond together, they form a ….

A

Compound molecule

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15
Q

How many atoms are in a molecule of water? H20

A

There are 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 Oxygen atom. No subscript number means there is 1.

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16
Q

How many elements are in a molecule of water?

A

There are two - Hydrogen and Oxygen

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17
Q

A mixture where you can see separated parts is a ……. mixture

A

Heterogeneous Ex. (oil and water)

Heterogeneous - “Hetero = different, u can see the difference”

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18
Q

A mixture that is a uniform color is a ….. mixture

A

Homogeneous Ex. (Tea or coffee).

Homogenous - “Homo = same, or u cant see difference)

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19
Q

(ELECTRICITY) Electricity is the movement of …….. through a conductive material

A

Electrons

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20
Q

What do we call a material that does not conduct electricity or heat well?

A

An insulator Rubber/Plastic/Wood

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21
Q

The best conductors of electricity are metals with ….. valence electron(s). Some examples are:

A

One
Copper, aluminum, gold, & silver.

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22
Q

a series circuit

A

It is just a square with two bubbles but all go the same way

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23
Q

a parallel circuit

A

square with two bulbs but they are on top of each other and the energy goes left and right

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24
Q

(MAGNETISM) What is the magnetosphere?

A

The magnetic force field that protects Earth by deflecting or trapping charged particles.

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25
Q

What are magnetic poles?

A

The ends of a magnet that have the strongest magnetic force

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26
Q

What are magnetic fields?

A

The region around a magnet which the force of magnetism acts

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27
Q

What elements make a permanent magnet?

A

Iron, Nickel, Cobalt

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28
Q

What is an electromagnet? (give an example).

A

A metal that can gain magnetism through an electric current.

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29
Q

(MECHANICAL WAVES)Waves are the movement of:

A

Kinetic Energy

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30
Q

points on a transverse wave

A

top - crest
bottom - trough
length from line to crest - amplitude
crest to crest - wavelength/one wave cycle

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31
Q

points of a (SOUND) longitudinal wave:

A

crowded spots - compression
space between crowded spots - rarefaction
compression to compression - wavelength

32
Q

What is echolocation?

A

A form of biosonar by the use of sound waves to detect objects

33
Q

Explain the doppler effect of sound waves:

A

The change in frequency of a sound wave is based on the distance between two objects.

EX. a train coming down the track has a higher frequency sound as it gets closer to you.

34
Q

(ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES)All electromagnetic waves move at the speed of …..

A

Light

35
Q

List the order of electromagnetic waves from low frequency to high

A

Radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays

36
Q

Which EM waves are used for communication using technology?

A

Radio waves and microwaves

37
Q

Describe an analog wave vs a digital wave:

A

An analog wave is a continuous or pulse wave. (All EM waves are analog).

A digital wave only exists in a computer through binary code. (A digital wave = square wave that won’t/isn’t subject to wave interference_

38
Q

Which colors of light have the lowest frequency and highest frequency

A

Red light has the lowest frequency and violet light has the highest frequency.

39
Q

Opaque

A

Does not pass through

40
Q

Translucent

A

Scatters light

41
Q

Transparent

A

passes straight through

42
Q

What is refraction?

A

The change of direction of a beam of light as it passes through a different medium.

EX. From air to water, this tricks our eyes and makes objects appear about !!25%!! larger.

43
Q

Which color absorbs all colors of light?

A

Black

44
Q

Which reflects all colors of light?

A

White

45
Q

Why do we see a leaf to be green?

A

We see green wavelengths of light reflected towards our eyes while other wavelengths of light are absorbed by the leaf such as red and blue.

46
Q

What are the primary colors of light that can make up all other colors of light?

A

Red, Green & Blue

47
Q

(ASTRONOMY) Where is our solar system located in the Milky Way?

A

The Orion Spur - We are 25,000 light years from the center and outer edge of the Milky Way

48
Q

What are the four common shapes of galaxies and what is the most common shape?

A

Spiral is the most abundant shape. The other shapes are (Elliptical, Lenticular, Irregular)

49
Q

How do we measure the distance of stars?

A

Light Years (5.8 Trillion miles)
Speed of light = 186,000 miles per second

50
Q

What phase is our sun and what type of star is it?

A

Our sun is in its main sequence as a yellow average-mass star

51
Q

What will happen to our sun in its next phase?

A

Expand into a red giant in 5 billion years & engulf Mercury, Venus & Earth

52
Q

How are stars compared by luminosity units?

A

The are compared to the brightness of our sun (+/-) times as bright.

53
Q

apparent magnitude

A

How bright a star appears from Earth.

54
Q

absolute magnitude

A

How bright a star would be if compared from a set distance of 10 parsecs or 32.6 light years

55
Q

What do numbers mean on the magnitude scales? (+/-)

A

(Backwards Logarithmic) Negative numbers mean brighter. Sirius the brightest star is -1.46

56
Q

How does a star’s color correlate to temperature?

A

Red stars are the coolest at around 2,500 K
Blue Stars are the hottest and can be up to 30,000 K

57
Q

What temperature scale do we use to compare celestial objects?

A

The Kelvin Scale

58
Q

In spectroscopy - Emission spectrum

A

A burning star producing light

59
Q

in spectroscopy - Absorption spectrum

A

A cold gas or atmosphere absorbing light frequencies

60
Q

What does the cosmic radiation background indicate?

A

Microwaves detected in all directions indicate the presence of stars and galaxies in all directions.

It suggests there are stars & galaxies we cannot see through visible light. Low-frequency EM waves travel the furthest.

61
Q

What does the abundance of hydrogen and helium in the universe suggest?

A

It suggests that everything started from light elements and heavier elements were produced through nuclear fusion within stars.

62
Q

What does red shift indicate about stars or galaxies?

A

As a light producing star gets further away from us, the light wavelengths are stretched and appear to be redder.

63
Q

What unit do we use to measure distance in our solar system?

A

Astronomical Units - The distance between Earth and the Sun. 93 million miles.

64
Q

What does eccentricity measure?

A

How elliptical an object’s orbit around the sun is

65
Q

What are the closest and furthest points of a body in space orbiting the sun called?

A

Perihelion - closest
Aphelion - farthest

66
Q

What is Kepler’s third law of planetary motion?

A

the squares of the orbital periods of the planets are directly proportional to the cubes of the semi-major axes of their orbits.

67
Q

What is a planet’s rotational period?

A

The time it takes to spin around its axis. Earth’s day is 24 hours.

68
Q

What is a planet’s orbital period?

A

The time it takes to orbit around the sun. Earth’s year is 365 days

69
Q

What does a planet’s axial tilt mean?

A

How many degrees it is tilted if there were a line from its poles

70
Q

The Asteroid Belt

A

Between the orbits of Mars & Jupiter

71
Q

The Kuiper Belt

A

Beyond the orbital path of Neptune

72
Q

The Oort Cloud

A

The outer edges of our solar system in a sphere shape. (Clouds of gas, dust, and debris.

73
Q

comet

A

icy body that releases gases as it orbits the sun

74
Q

asteroid

A

rocky body smaller than a planet that orbits the sun

75
Q

meteor

A

streak of light seen when a meteoroid heats up in the atmosphere

76
Q

meteorite

A

meteor fragment that reaches the ground

77
Q

Which objects in our solar system have the most elliptical orbits?

A

Pluto has the most elliptical orbit compared to other planets.
Comets have the most elliptical orbits of any celestial body in our solar system.

intergrated science (1 decks)

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