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Epidemiology > Final Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Epidemiology

A

Study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in populations and the application of study for control of health problems

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2
Q

Contributions of John snow

A

Contributed association of public habits (ie pump and cholera ) to health and disease
Removing pump handle or changing it helped with disease

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3
Q

Inez Semmelweis was

A

Someone who proposed hygiene rules around childbirth to prevent infection

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4
Q

Primary prevention

A

Preventing disease before it even develops like using condoms

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5
Q

Secondary prevention

A

Catching diagnosis early ie colonoscopy, Pap smear

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6
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

Reducing complications and improve quality of life, clinical symptoms already therequality of life

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7
Q

Epidemiologic Triad

A

Agents bacteria or virus
Host - thing that has the disease
Environments what causes people to get the agent

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8
Q

Sensitivity vs specificity

A

Sensitivity is positive tests are positive for disease, specificity is designating negative test results as negative

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9
Q

Sensitivity equation

A

A/a+c

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10
Q

Specificity equation

A

D/d+b

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11
Q

Positive predictive value

A

Probability that positive test result = having disease
a/a+b

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12
Q

Negative predictive value

A

Ratio of all negatives to negative test results
d/d+c

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13
Q

False positive

A

Tests positive, does not have disease

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14
Q

False negative

A

Tests negative, has disease

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15
Q

Cause specific mortality rate

A

Deaths from disease/population

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16
Q

Proportionate mortality

A

Deaths from disease/total deaths

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17
Q

Case fatality rate

A

Death due to disease/cases of disease

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18
Q

Odds ratio

A

A d/bc

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19
Q

Mortality rate

A

Deaths/population

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20
Q

Morbidity

A

Having a disease

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21
Q

Case fatality rate

A

of deaths due to disease in specific post diagnosis time/ s of indidpvidualts with disease

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22
Q

Prevalence vs incidence

A

Prevalence is the number of cases in the population at a specific time divided by population while incidence is the number of new cases of disease

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23
Q

Risk vs rate

A

Risk- number new cases that occur in time period in at risk pop
Rate number of new cases over total person time

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24
Q

parameter

A

attribute of a population

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25
Q

confidence interval

A

test how precise the experiment is, the narrower the interval the higher the confidence

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26
Q

statistic

A

attribute of a sample, estimate of a parameter

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27
Q

person time

A

how long someone is followed for thing

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28
Q

subclinical disease

A

not apparent, likely won’t be

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29
Q

clinical disease

A

present signs and symptoms

30
Q

herd immunity

A

when sufficient population is protected against disease, makes person not person spread unlikely

31
Q

sample

A

subset of population

32
Q

population

A

all people in an area or group

33
Q

Statistical significance

A

Comparing to p value to determine if relative to null

34
Q

Accurate vs precise

A

Accurate is how close to true values values are, precise is how close they are to each other

35
Q

Cohort study

A

Measures or classifies exposure then outcome

36
Q

Cross sectional

A

Measures exposure and outcome at the same time

37
Q

Case control study

A

Works backwards from exposure

38
Q

Experimental design

A

Allocate group and compare outcomes

39
Q

Observational study

A

Observes outcomes

40
Q

Ecological study

A

Studies groups or populations

41
Q

Prospective cohort study

A

Study followed over time for prospect

42
Q

Risk ratio

A

A/a+b/c/c+d

43
Q

Incidence rate cohort study

A

Expose or unexposed over person timeforthing

44
Q

Random control trial

A

Cohort study where participants ave randomized to unexposed or exposed

45
Q

Internal validity

A

Gives estimate of parameter in population

46
Q

External validity

A

Generalize to outside study group

47
Q

Randomization vs random sampling

A

Randomization is sedating into study groups, random sampling is selecting from population

48
Q

Confounding

A

When 2groups are not exchangeable

49
Q

Double blind

A

Both providers and patients ave unaware of placebo status

50
Q

Prevalence ratio

A

A/a+ b divided by C/c plus

51
Q

Rate ratio

A

A/pte - c/ptue

52
Q

Relative risk greater than less that equal to one

A

Greater than is harmful less than protective

53
Q

Odds ratio

A

Ad/bc

54
Q

absolute vs relative measures

A

Absolute is a difference of two measures and relative is a difference of two mrasures

55
Q

Risk difference

A

A/a+b - c/c+d

56
Q

Rate difference

A

Rate exposed - rate unexposed

57
Q

Prevalence difference

A

A/a+b - c/c+d

58
Q

DAGs

A

Chart that shows how variables are related

59
Q

Crude vs adjusted associated

A

Crude is based on one variable at a time while adjusted is based on model with all variables

60
Q

When to report crude vs adjusted

A

Report adjusted when there is a cofounder

61
Q

Selection bias

A

Bias in how subjects are chosen

62
Q

Observation or info bias

A

Bias in how info is collected

63
Q

Random error

A

Error in Measurements that can vary

64
Q

How sample size affects error

A

Increase in sample size decreases random error but not bias

65
Q

Selection bias

A

Error in retention and recruitment

66
Q

Loss to follow up

A

When people stop following up

67
Q

Exclusion bias

A

Different eligibility rules are applied to cases and controls

68
Q

Sampling bias

A

Using non random sample

69
Q

Participation bias

A

Different rates of participation across study group

70
Q

Recall bias

A

Accuracy in recall of information

71
Q

Reporting bias

A

Inaccurate reporting

72
Q

Interviewer surveillance bias

A

Differences in obtaining information from participants

Epidemiology (1 decks)

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