Final Study Guide

Question 1

Five theories of punishment

Answer 1

Deterrence; Retribution; Rehabilitation; Incapacitation; Restorative Justice

Question 2

Deterrence

Answer 2

the goal is to prevent future crime by setting an example which theoretically prevents people from committing a crime; example: 3 strikes law, signs warning a fine; if you commit a crime, then this will happen so don’t to it; “crime does not pay”; swift, certain, not too severe

Question 3

Retribution

Answer 3

punishment is thought to be deserved; the goal is to achieve fairness and justice; the punishment must match the crime; example: death penalty

Question 4

Rehabilitation

Answer 4

the goal is to prevent future crime; individualized punishment; malleability of individuals; with appropriate interventions, they will refrain from reoffending; example: probation, 15 to life

Question 5

Incapcitation

Answer 5

the goal is to prevent future crime; individuals are physically restrained form reoffending by incarceration or execution; gross incapacitation led to mass incarceration; selective is picking and choosing specific “dangerous” transgressing (serial) individuals; example: life without parole, mandatory minimums, 3 strikes law, death penalty

Question 6

Restorative Justice

Answer 6

the goal is to restore justice and prevent future crime; crime is more than breaking the law; crime causes harm to the entire community and therefore it takes the entire community to restore harm; example: rj circles, family conferences

Question 7

Total Institution

Answer 7

under authority in same place, constant immediate company of many others, tight schedule and formal rules, single overall rational plan to fulfill institution’s goals

Question 8

Prison Jurisdictions

Answer 8

Federal Bureau of Prisons; State Department of Corrections (ex. CDCR); Private Prisons

Question 9

Prison-Industrial Complex

Answer 9

marxist view of punishment: economic interests feed the penal system; private companies offer correctional services or run entire prisons for profit; private prison companies engage in political lobbying

Question 10

Minimum-Security Prison

Answer 10

relaxed perimeter security, sometimes without fences or any other means of external security; possible to leave facility during the day; ex. Larch Correctional Facility in Washington State

Question 11

Medium-Security Prison

Answer 11

single or double fencing, guarded tower, and sally-port entrance to control inmate movement; relatively free movement inside; ex. Deer Ridge Correctional Institution, Oregon

Question 12

Maximum-Security Prison

Answer 12

restricted movement (often escorted); security perimeter with armed coverage; ex. Arizona State Prison Complex - Lewis

Question 13

Supermax Facilities

Answer 13

security housing units (SHUs) / Admin Seg; solitary confinement; 23/7; not contact visitation; movement in shackles; ex. Pelican Bay State Prison

Question 14

Initial Classification

Answer 14

in seperate classification/reception center (review of prisoner material, medical/mental health screening); external classification system (to determine level of security and control needed, custody type: min, med, max); internal classification setting (to determine cell/housing unit, to determine program and work assignments); reclassifications (in regular intervals, whenever update is needed)

Question 15

Panopticon (Foucault)

Answer 15

philosophical idea of a prison in which there is one watch tower in the center with one person inside watching cells from all angles; found prison to be a place where people are constantly surveilled, disciplined, and inspected

Question 16

Old Penology

Answer 16

emphasizes individual responsibility

Question 17

New Penology

Answer 17

corrections has become more about management and risk calculation; this is because of mass incarceration, there wasn’t time to focus on each singular individual

Question 18

Evidence-Based Practices

Answer 18

empirical studies are conducted to understand, explain, and predict outcomes of correctional interventions; practices should inform policy; to address the root causes of criminal behavior, targeted and focused programming is developed; requirements: testing and evaluation; common measurements: recidivism, risk reduction

Question 19

Prisonization

Answer 19

slow/gradual process by which one learns and internalizes the customs and general culture of prison; results: loss of individuality, dependency on system; universal features of prisonization: acceptance of inferior role, development of new eating, sleeping, dressing, and working habits, adoption of new language, adoption of “informal convict (prison) code” - respect, prison hierarchy, racial organization

Question 20

Prison Code

Answer 20

an informal code of conduct which all incarcerated individuals know and abide by

Question 21

Racial Code

Answer 21

an informal code of conduct based on racialized values

Question 22

Administrative-Control Model

Answer 22

(Dilulio, 1987); management styles influences prison subculture; lack of official governance leads to gangs filling up the power void; gangs do not step in when there is a high-structured official management style; lack of good leadership = violence; ex. CA’s Prop 57, Arizona’s phase program

Question 23

Importation Model

Answer 23

(Irwin/Cressey, 1962); norms, language roles, and traditions are brought into the prison from the outside; looks at personality and life pre-incarceration; continue doing inside the prison as outside prison, gang-affiliated members continue inside prison as outside; violence is brought in; nature

Question 24

Deprivation Model

Answer 24

(Sykes, 1958); prisoner’s responses to features of total institution explain subculture; pains of imprisonment: deprivation of liberty, goods and services, relationships, autonomy, and security; nurture

Question 25

The Invisible Population

Answer 25

women in prison long considered “invisible and forgotten:” women are a clear minority in prisons, patriarchal perceptions have shaped the study of social institutions

Question 26

Patriarchy

Answer 26

what is masculine is more highly valued than what is feminine; male dominance starts at home but is seen in other social institutions; patriarchy also influences what we study

Question 27

Pseudo-Families

Answer 27

(Giallombardi, 1966); women are often involved in fictive families in prison in order to adjust to life in prison

Question 28

Prison Nurseries

Answer 28

mother-infant programs; strict eligibility criteria

Question 29

Secondary Prisonization

Answer 29

“secondary prisonization” of women visiting their loved ones; through prison visitation, women experience pains of imprisonment: deprivation of autonomy and goods and services

Question 30

Life With Parole

Answer 30

life with parole eligibility; ex. 15 to life, 25 to life; at 15 or 25 years you meet with a parole board and they decide whether you are released and put onto parole or not; most common life sentence

Question 31

Life Without Parole

Answer 31

no parole eligibility; often used as an alternative to the death penalty; became a popular sentencing option for serious and repeat convictions during the tough-on-crime era

Question 32

Virtual Life Sentences

Answer 32

a sentence of 50+ years

Question 33

Miller v. Alabama

Answer 33

declared mandatory juvenile LWOP unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court

Question 34

Institutionalization

Answer 34

lifers learn to live by the rules; they’re “institutionalized”

Question 35

Compassionate Release

Answer 35

terminal illness (less than 6 months to live); no more threat to society; have release plan

Question 36

Medical Parole

Answer 36

(2011/14); permanently incapacitated and in need of 24-hour skilled nursing care; placed in licensed health-care facility and on parole if released; could be returned to prison

Question 37

Elderly Parole

Answer 37

(2018); over 50, served at least 20 years of continuous incarceration

Question 38

Discretionary Parole

Answer 38

type of prison release that uses a parole board

Question 39

Commutation

Answer 39

release from life without parole sentence declared by the governor on the state level or President on the federal level in exceptional cases

Question 40

Mandatory Parole

Answer 40

a type of prison release before sentence term has ended that does not need a parole board; ex. if a person is given a 10 year sentence, they can serve 5 years in prison and 5 years one parole

Question 41

Unconditional Release

Answer 41

no parole, no supervision, maxed out prison sentence

Question 42

Parole Conditions (general & special)

Answer 42

general: conditions all parolees need to abide by
special: specific conditions that parolees need to abide by

Question 43

Parole Revocation

Answer 43

technical violation of parole (jail up to 90 days - post AB 109; lifers go back to prison); new crime

Question 44

Reentry

Answer 44

process of leaving prison and returning to society