Final Study Guide Flashcards
Affirmative action
Positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities
bureaucratization of education
The school environment became structured around hierarchy, standardization, and specialization
Capitalism
An economic system in which means of production are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits
Charismatic authority
Max Weber’s term for power made legitimate by a leader’s exceptional personal or emotional appeal to his or her followers
Class consciousness
In Karl Marx’s view, a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social change.
Culture lag
A period of maladjustment when the no material culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions
Culture shock
The feeling of surprise and disorientation that people experience when they encounter cultural practices that are different from their own
Cohabitation
The feeling of surprise and disorientation that people experience when they encounter cultural practices that are different from their own
Communism
An economic system under which all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people’s ability to produce
Craze
An exciting mass involvement that lasts for a relatively long period
Democracy
The scientific study of population
Dictatorship
A government in which one person has nearly total power to make and enforce laws
Elite model
A view of society as being ruled by a small group of individuals who share common set of political and economic interests
Extended family
A family in which relatives- such as grandparents, aunts, or uncles- live in the same home as parents and their children
Fad
A temporary pattern or behavior that involves large numbers of people and is independent of preceding trends.
False consciousness
A term used by Karl Marx to describe an attitude her by members of a class that does not accurately reflect their objective position
Gatekeepers
The process by which a relatively small number of people in the media industry control what material eventually reaches the audience
Hidden curriculum
Standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and our taught subtly in schools
Inclusion
the process of improving the terms of participation in society for people who are disadvantaged on the basis of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion, or economic or other status, through enhanced opportunities and access to resources
Labeling theory
An approach to deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants while other engage in the same behavior or not
Largest faith in the world
Christianity
Latent function
An unconscious or unintended function that may reflect hidden purposes
Laissez-faire
A form of capitalism under which people compete freely, which minimal government intervention in the economy
Liberation theology
Use of a church, primarily Roman Catholic, and a political effort to eliminate Poverty, Discrimination, and other forms of injustice from a secular society
Machismo
A sense of virility, personal worth, and pride in one’s maleness.
Manifest function
An open, stated, and conscious function
Matrilocal family
the societal system in which a married couple resides with or near the wife’s parents
Monarchy
A form of government headed by a single member of a royal family, usually a king, queen, or some other hereditary ruler.
Microfinancing
Lending small sums of money to the poor so they can work their way out of poverty.
Migration
The relatively permanent movement of people, with the purpose of changing their place of residence.
Monogamy
A form of marriage in which an individual has only one partner.
Monopoly
Control of a market by a single business firm
Mortality rates
The rate of death in a given population
NIMBY
Not in My Backyard Phenomenon (NIMBY), also called Nimby, a colloquialism signifying one’s opposition to the locating of something considered undesirable in one’s neighborhood.
Nuclear family
A married couple and their unmarried children living together
Offshoring
The transfer of work to foreign contractors
Oligarchy
A form of government in which a few individuals rule
Patrilocal family
the social system in which a married couple resides with or near the husband’s parents
Pluralist model
A view of society in which many competing groups within the community have access to government, so that no single group is dominant.
Politics
In Harold Lasswell’s words, “who gets what, when, and how.”
Profane
The ordinary and commonplace elements of life, as distinguished from the sacred
Rational-legal authority
Power made legitimate by law
Rituals
a formalized mode of behavior in which the members of a group or community regularly engage
Sacred
Elements beyond everyday life that inspire awe, respect, and even fear
Sect
A relatively small religious group that has broken away from some other religious organization to renew what is considers the original vision of the faith
Social change
Significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and culture, including norms and values
Social movements
An organized collective activity to bring about or resist fundamental change in an existing group or society
Socialism
An economic system under which the means of production and distribution are collectively owned
Terrorism
The use or threat of violence against random or symbolic targets in pursuit of political aims
Tracking
The practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of their test scores and other criteria
Vested interests
Veblen’s term for those people or groups who will suffer in the event of social change, and who have a stake in maintaining the status quo.
