Final Study Guide

Question 1

Affirmative action

Answer 1

Positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities

Question 2

bureaucratization of education

Answer 2

The school environment became structured around hierarchy, standardization, and specialization

Question 3

Capitalism

Answer 3

An economic system in which means of production are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits

Question 4

Charismatic authority

Answer 4

Max Weber’s term for power made legitimate by a leader’s exceptional personal or emotional appeal to his or her followers

Question 5

Class consciousness

Answer 5

In Karl Marx’s view, a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social change.

Question 6

Culture lag

Answer 6

A period of maladjustment when the no material culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions

Question 7

Culture shock

Answer 7

The feeling of surprise and disorientation that people experience when they encounter cultural practices that are different from their own

Question 8

Cohabitation

Answer 8

The feeling of surprise and disorientation that people experience when they encounter cultural practices that are different from their own

Question 9

Communism

Answer 9

An economic system under which all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people’s ability to produce

Question 10

Craze

Answer 10

An exciting mass involvement that lasts for a relatively long period

Question 11

Democracy

Answer 11

The scientific study of population

Question 12

Dictatorship

Answer 12

A government in which one person has nearly total power to make and enforce laws

Question 13

Elite model

Answer 13

A view of society as being ruled by a small group of individuals who share common set of political and economic interests

Question 14

Extended family

Answer 14

A family in which relatives- such as grandparents, aunts, or uncles- live in the same home as parents and their children

Question 15

Fad

Answer 15

A temporary pattern or behavior that involves large numbers of people and is independent of preceding trends.

Question 16

False consciousness

Answer 16

A term used by Karl Marx to describe an attitude her by members of a class that does not accurately reflect their objective position

Question 17

Gatekeepers

Answer 17

The process by which a relatively small number of people in the media industry control what material eventually reaches the audience

Question 18

Hidden curriculum

Answer 18

Standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and our taught subtly in schools

Question 19

Inclusion

Answer 19

the process of improving the terms of participation in society for people who are disadvantaged on the basis of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion, or economic or other status, through enhanced opportunities and access to resources

Question 20

Labeling theory

Answer 20

An approach to deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants while other engage in the same behavior or not

Question 21

Largest faith in the world

Answer 21

Christianity

Question 22

Latent function

Answer 22

An unconscious or unintended function that may reflect hidden purposes

Question 23

Laissez-faire

Answer 23

A form of capitalism under which people compete freely, which minimal government intervention in the economy

Question 24

Liberation theology

Answer 24

Use of a church, primarily Roman Catholic, and a political effort to eliminate Poverty, Discrimination, and other forms of injustice from a secular society

Question 25

Machismo

Answer 25

A sense of virility, personal worth, and pride in one’s maleness.

Question 26

Manifest function

Answer 26

An open, stated, and conscious function

Question 27

Matrilocal family

Answer 27

the societal system in which a married couple resides with or near the wife’s parents

Question 28

Monarchy

Answer 28

A form of government headed by a single member of a royal family, usually a king, queen, or some other hereditary ruler.

Question 29

Microfinancing

Answer 29

Lending small sums of money to the poor so they can work their way out of poverty.

Question 30

Migration

Answer 30

The relatively permanent movement of people, with the purpose of changing their place of residence.

Question 31

Monogamy

Answer 31

A form of marriage in which an individual has only one partner.

Question 32

Monopoly

Answer 32

Control of a market by a single business firm

Question 33

Mortality rates

Answer 33

The rate of death in a given population

Question 34

NIMBY

Answer 34

Not in My Backyard Phenomenon (NIMBY), also called Nimby, a colloquialism signifying one’s opposition to the locating of something considered undesirable in one’s neighborhood.

Question 35

Nuclear family

Answer 35

A married couple and their unmarried children living together

Question 36

Offshoring

Answer 36

The transfer of work to foreign contractors

Question 37

Oligarchy

Answer 37

A form of government in which a few individuals rule

Question 38

Patrilocal family

Answer 38

the social system in which a married couple resides with or near the husband’s parents

Question 39

Pluralist model

Answer 39

A view of society in which many competing groups within the community have access to government, so that no single group is dominant.

Question 40

Politics

Answer 40

In Harold Lasswell’s words, “who gets what, when, and how.”

Question 41

Profane

Answer 41

The ordinary and commonplace elements of life, as distinguished from the sacred

Question 42

Rational-legal authority

Answer 42

Power made legitimate by law

Question 43

Rituals

Answer 43

a formalized mode of behavior in which the members of a group or community regularly engage

Question 44

Sacred

Answer 44

Elements beyond everyday life that inspire awe, respect, and even fear

Question 45

Sect

Answer 45

A relatively small religious group that has broken away from some other religious organization to renew what is considers the original vision of the faith

Question 46

Social change

Answer 46

Significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and culture, including norms and values

Question 47

Social movements

Answer 47

An organized collective activity to bring about or resist fundamental change in an existing group or society

Question 48

Socialism

Answer 48

An economic system under which the means of production and distribution are collectively owned

Question 49

Terrorism

Answer 49

The use or threat of violence against random or symbolic targets in pursuit of political aims

Question 50

Tracking

Answer 50

The practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of their test scores and other criteria

Question 51

Vested interests

Answer 51

Veblen’s term for those people or groups who will suffer in the event of social change, and who have a stake in maintaining the status quo.