Final study guide

Question 1

What is an Enzyme

Answer 1

It is a catalyst made of proteins that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the input energy required for the reaction to start

Question 2

What is so important about an enzyme

Answer 2

An enzymes shape is specific

Question 3

How does temperature and pH affect Enzymes

Answer 3

Extreme temperatures will denature an enzyme and if pH levels are not constant/balanced then it too will denature

Question 4

Enzymes characteristics

Answer 4

1.They’re specific
2.Reactions can be reversed under ideal conditions
3.Do not cause impossible reactions to occur
4.They do not get used by reactions

Question 5

What is an Endotherm and an Ectotherm

Answer 5

Endotherm: self regulate internal body temp therefore they have constant metabolic rates
Ectotherm: rely on the environment to regulate body temp therefore their metabolic rates are more sporadic

Question 6

How do aquatic ectotherms deal with colder temps

Answer 6

They lower their O2 consumption so their metabolic rates slow down

Question 7

What is cell respiration and the relationship between breathing and C.R.

Answer 7

The breakdown of food molecules using O2 and therefore C.R. is dependent on O2 to work

Question 8

What is aerobic respiration

Answer 8

The breakdown of Glucose using O2 and its eq. is C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP and occurs in the mitochondria

Question 9

What is the relationship energy required and oxygen required

Answer 9

An increase in energy = an increase in O2 and food required

Question 10

Why is oxygen so important to C.R.

Answer 10

O2 is the final electron acceptor in the ETC

Question 11

In what cells does Mitosis occur and what is its function

Answer 11

Mitosis occurs in somatic cells and is used for growth and maintenance

Question 12

Cell cycle and its parts:
1.Interphase
2.Prophase
3.Metaphase
4.Anaphase
5.Telophase
6.Cytokenesis

Answer 12

1.DNA replicates in this stage and is 90% of the cell cycle
2.DNA organizes into duplicated chromosomes
3.Chromosomes line up in the middle
4.They are then pulled apart
5.The chromosomes reach the ends of the cells
6.The cells split

Question 13

In what cells does Meiosis occur in

Answer 13

Gamates(sex cells)

Question 14

What are some Significant stages in meiosis and what happens in them

Answer 14

Prophase 1: Independent assortment and crossing over occur in this stage
Metaphase 1: the homologous pairs of chromosomes randomly assort in the middle of the cell

Question 15

What leads to genetic variation

Answer 15

Crossing over, Random alignment, and random fertilization

Question 16

Mitosis v. Meosis

Answer 16

Mitosis Meiosis
2N to 2N 2N to 1N
1 division 2 divisions
2 identical diploid cells 4 haploid cells
Growth and maintenance leads to gen. var.
Somatic cells Gametes

Question 17

Definitions of some Vocab.
1.Haploid
2.Diploid
3.Genotype
4.Phenotype

Answer 17

1.Single set of chromosomes ex Gametes
2.Two sets of chromosomes ex Somatic cells
3.Alleles present for a trait
4.Physical trait expressed

Question 18

Why are punnett squares important and what do they tell us

Answer 18

The crosses allow us to predict the gentypes of offspring using the parents alleles that will occur during crossing over

Question 19

Mendel’s first law and why its important

Answer 19

Law of Segregation: for every trait there are 2 alleles which separate and recombine randomly. This is important as it leads to gen. var. and can be seen in metaphase 1

Question 20

Mendel’s 2nd law and why its important

Answer 20

Law of independent assortment: alleles of a gene for 1 trait will separate independently from the the alleles of a gene for another trait. This is the concept of crossing over

Question 21

What are non-mendelian traits and examples

Answer 21

1. Incomplete dominance: pink flower
   2.Codominance: blood type
   3.Polygenic traits: height