Final study guide Flashcards
What is an Enzyme
It is a catalyst made of proteins that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the input energy required for the reaction to start
What is so important about an enzyme
An enzymes shape is specific
How does temperature and pH affect Enzymes
Extreme temperatures will denature an enzyme and if pH levels are not constant/balanced then it too will denature
Enzymes characteristics
1.They’re specific
2.Reactions can be reversed under ideal conditions
3.Do not cause impossible reactions to occur
4.They do not get used by reactions
What is an Endotherm and an Ectotherm
Endotherm: self regulate internal body temp therefore they have constant metabolic rates
Ectotherm: rely on the environment to regulate body temp therefore their metabolic rates are more sporadic
How do aquatic ectotherms deal with colder temps
They lower their O2 consumption so their metabolic rates slow down
What is cell respiration and the relationship between breathing and C.R.
The breakdown of food molecules using O2 and therefore C.R. is dependent on O2 to work
What is aerobic respiration
The breakdown of Glucose using O2 and its eq. is C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP and occurs in the mitochondria
What is the relationship energy required and oxygen required
An increase in energy = an increase in O2 and food required
Why is oxygen so important to C.R.
O2 is the final electron acceptor in the ETC
In what cells does Mitosis occur and what is its function
Mitosis occurs in somatic cells and is used for growth and maintenance
Cell cycle and its parts:
1.Interphase
2.Prophase
3.Metaphase
4.Anaphase
5.Telophase
6.Cytokenesis
1.DNA replicates in this stage and is 90% of the cell cycle
2.DNA organizes into duplicated chromosomes
3.Chromosomes line up in the middle
4.They are then pulled apart
5.The chromosomes reach the ends of the cells
6.The cells split
In what cells does Meiosis occur in
Gamates(sex cells)
What are some Significant stages in meiosis and what happens in them
Prophase 1: Independent assortment and crossing over occur in this stage
Metaphase 1: the homologous pairs of chromosomes randomly assort in the middle of the cell
What leads to genetic variation
Crossing over, Random alignment, and random fertilization
Mitosis v. Meosis
Mitosis Meiosis
2N to 2N 2N to 1N
1 division 2 divisions
2 identical diploid cells 4 haploid cells
Growth and maintenance leads to gen. var.
Somatic cells Gametes
Definitions of some Vocab.
1.Haploid
2.Diploid
3.Genotype
4.Phenotype
1.Single set of chromosomes ex Gametes
2.Two sets of chromosomes ex Somatic cells
3.Alleles present for a trait
4.Physical trait expressed
Why are punnett squares important and what do they tell us
The crosses allow us to predict the gentypes of offspring using the parents alleles that will occur during crossing over
Mendel’s first law and why its important
Law of Segregation: for every trait there are 2 alleles which separate and recombine randomly. This is important as it leads to gen. var. and can be seen in metaphase 1
Mendel’s 2nd law and why its important
Law of independent assortment: alleles of a gene for 1 trait will separate independently from the the alleles of a gene for another trait. This is the concept of crossing over
What are non-mendelian traits and examples
- Incomplete dominance: pink flower
2.Codominance: blood type
3.Polygenic traits: height
