Final Study Cards

Question 1

Provide one example of an every-day device that enables the conversion between analog and digital signals.

Answer 1

A USB microphone, or cell phone

Question 2

Would an analog to digital converter that is set to sample the output of a pulse plethysmograph once per second be adequate

Answer 2

No, this is measuring 1 Hz where human pulse rates can be anywhere between 40-120 BPM. This sampling rate would be inappropriate for HR data

Question 3

Calculations for Amplitude, Period Time and Frequency

Answer 3

Amplitude: Change in resting to peak of contraction (V2-V1).

Period time: Time for one contraction to occur (T2-T1)

Frequency: Number of contractions in a minute

Question 4

An analog electrical signal can be converted into a digital signal for computer analysis by

Answer 4

An analog to digital (A/D) converter

Question 5

What is biological noise?

Answer 5

Data collected by the sensor that is converted and transduced to be quantified as signal from the phenomena of interest.

Question 6

A physiological signal such as blood pressure is converted into an electrical signal, i.e. a voltage, by:

Answer 6

An analog-to-digital (A/D converter)

Question 7

Distinguish between urine osmolality and urine specific gravity

Answer 7

While osmolality is a measure of dissociated ions in a solution, it will also pick up some larger components if they contribute to osmotic pressure.

Specific gravity reports, and is more heavily influenced by larger molecules, but is also influenced by dissociated ions to a lesser degree.

Question 8

What is the effect of ADH? How will drinkning Cola affect ADH levels?

Answer 8

ADH increases water reabsorption at the level of the kidney (collecting duct of the nephron) Which increases water retention, blood volume and bloop pressure.

Cola will increase BP due to front load increase of water. The slight salt does not offset this effect with blood osmolarity and will actually decrease ADH, the result is lower water re-absorption

Caffiene is a competitive antagonist for adenosine receptors, which effects GFR by opposing vasoconstriction in the afferent arteriole in the nephron mediated by type 1 AR and tubuloglomerular feedback.

Question 9

What is the physiological mechanism underlying the diuretic effects of alcohol?

Answer 9

Alcohol is able to sequester ADH on the blood and therefore increase UFR as less water re-absorption is occuring. Individuals drinknig beer as compared to individuals drinking water will experience increase UFR and decreased osmolarity.

Question 10

What types of adrenergic receptors are found on goldfish melanophores

Answer 10

All types (a1, a2, b1, b2). The most potent effect are seen by a2 bdining of agonist/ antagonist. The effects on intracellular cAMP from antagonists binding led to inhibition of aggregation.

Question 11

Phenylephrine

Answer 11

a1 agonist, Fish Lab

Question 12

Isoproterenol

Answer 12

Non-Selective B agonist (Fish/Rat lab)

Question 13

Phentolamine

Answer 13

a1/a2 Antagonists

Question 14

Propranolol

Answer 14

B1/B2 Antagonist

Question 15

What is the predominant secondary messenger in adrenergric adctivation/ inqactivation in fish melanophores

Answer 15

cAMP

Question 16

Distinguish between passive and active tension

Answer 16

Passive: Muscle tension an a unit of muscle when there is no input to flex (isometric)

Active: Muscle tension when muscle is activated or flexing (isometric)

Question 17

How does electrical stimulus trigger muscle contraction?

Answer 17

Electrodes are able to stimulate muscle contraction by opening voltage gated Ca2+ channels. Accumulation of Ca2+ in sarcoplasm which bind TnC, muscle contraction

Question 18

Would you see a graded response if you stimulated only the sciatic nerve

Answer 18

Yes, We instead will measure the compound action potential (CAP) or proportion of axons that reach threshold potential

Question 19

Relationship between maximum amplitude of contraction and stimulus frequency

Answer 19

The relationship is defined by cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and cells ability to clear Ca2+. This leads to incomplete and eventually complete tetanus

Question 20

A muscle twitch is defined as all or none, then why was there an increasing amplitude in muscle tension and eventually a plateau?

Answer 20

We observed the gradual increase in tension/ contraction with increasing stimulus amplitude because we are seeing many muscle fibres with many different tresholds being activated.

At low stimulus amplitudes, only low threshold fibers are being activated

Question 21

Muscle Latency

Answer 21

The time between when stimulus is applied to when actual contraction is seen

Question 22

Contraction time

Answer 22

In the presence of ATP and calcium, Mysoin heads crawl along acting to shorten the sarcomere.

The time that the muscle is shortened

Question 23

Muscle Relaxation

Answer 23

Contraction goes back down as Ca2+ leaves the sarcolema, membranes repolarize and we see muscle tension decrease

Question 24

Absolute refractory period

Answer 24

When the Action potential is occuring, absolutely no other depolarizations may occur

Question 25

Relative refractory period

Answer 25

Follows immediately after absolute refractory period. A second action potential may be produced but will require a stronger stimulus

Question 26

Compound action potential (CAP)

Answer 26

the culmination of many action potentials as recroded by the NBC-300 Nerve chamber. fascicles of neurons are arranged into nerves including alpha, beta, gamma and sigma.

Question 27

How does BP change with exercise

Answer 27

Blood oxygen decrease and increased circulating carbonic acid increase HR, this along with increased blood volume increase BP which is offset by vasodilation by binding if catecholamines to B2 receptors

Question 28

ECG

Answer 28

Electrocardoigram Invented by Willem Eintoven. Record QRS complexes as a measure of heart rate

Question 29

Valsalva maneuver

Answer 29

Used to increase pleural pressure on the heart, the result being an initial increase in heart rate

Question 30

Frank-Starling relationship

Answer 30

The relationship between ventricular stretch and blood volume entering the heart

Question 31

Q10 effect

Answer 31

Q10=(R2/R1)^10C/(T2-T1)

Question 32

Stretch relaxation smooth muscle

Answer 32

Enhanced capacity of smooth muscle to change its length. Gap junctions and varicosities in neurons allow for this differnece

Question 33

Smooth muscle length tension relationship

Answer 33

Not distinct