final study cards

Question 1

What are the primary and secondary organs of the lymphatic system, and

Answer 1

Primary lymphoid organs: These organs include the bone marrow and the thymus. Secondary lymphoid organs: These organs include the lymph nodes, the spleen, the tonsils and certain tissue in various mucous membrane layers in the body.

Question 2

what is atrophy?

Answer 2

Progressive degeneration or shrinkage of muscle or nerve tissue.

Question 3

what lymphatic organ goes through atrophy?

Answer 3

The thymus. Thymic atrophy occurs with age or as a result of .infection

Question 4

What are absorbed in the lymphatic system?

Answer 4

the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system.

Question 5

which lymphatic vessels drain different parts of the body.

Answer 5

right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct. The right duct drains most of the right upper quadrant whereas the thoracic duct drains the lower body including the extremities and abdomen.

Question 6

The palatine tonsils are also known as what?

Answer 6

The palatine (or faucial) tonsils, commonly referred to as tonsils, are located in the lateral oropharynx.

Question 7

Where do t-lymphocytes mature?

Answer 7

T lymphocytes mature in the thymus.

Question 8

What are macrophages in the liver called?

Answer 8

In the liver, macrophages are called Kupffer cells. They line blood vessels in the liver and maintain iron levels and clear away endotoxins produced by gut bacteria.

Question 9

A plasma cell is an activated _______________ cell?

Answer 9

B cell

Question 10

What is the MHC complex important for?

Answer 10

The MHC complex is necessary for cell self-recognition and the prevention of the immune system targeting its own cells.

Question 11

Know the immunoglobulins and what each is important for/where they are found.

Answer 11

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) - found in blood and other bodily fluids
Immunoglobulin M - found in blood and lymph fluid
Immunoglobulin D - found on the surface of B lymphocytes
IgE - found in lymph nodes
Immunoglobulin a ( IgA) - found in the lining of the respiratory tract and digestive tract. tears, spit, and breast milk.

Question 12

Functions / structures of the upper and lower respiratory tract.

Question 13

Nasal septum structure.

Question 14

What are the paired (2) and unpaired (1) cartilages that make up the larynx?

Answer 14

The three unpaired cartilages are the epiglottis, thyroid, and cricoid. The paired cartilages comprise of the arytenoids, corniculates, cuneiforms, and tritiates.

Question 15

Which cell produces surfactant in the lungs?

Answer 15

Pulmonary surfactant is produced by alveolar type II cells.

Question 16

Understand the differences between pressure in and outside the lungs during inhalation and exhalation.

Question 17

Gas exchange between the alveoli and the capillaries in the lungs is called what?

Answer 17

Diffusion is the spontaneous movement of gases between the alveoli and the capillaries in the lungs.

Question 18

Know the order that food passes through the digestive tract structures.

Question 19

Where is the lesser and greater omentum located?

Answer 19

The greater omentum attaches the stomach to the transverse colon. The lesser omentum attaches the stomach and the duodenum to the liver.

Question 20

Anatomy of a tooth.

Answer 20

crown, enamel, dentin, pulp cavity

Question 21

Location of salivary glands.

Answer 21

parotid - back of mouth
sublingual
submandibular

Question 22

What cells produce hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, insulin, and intrinsic factor?

Answer 22

hydrochloric acid - parietal cells in the stomach
Pepsinogen - Gastric chief cells secrete pepsinogen.
Insulin - Beta cells in the pancreas
Intrinsic factor - parietal cells in the stomach lining

Question 23

What vitamin is produced by bacteria in the colon?

Answer 23

Up to half of the daily Vitamin K requirement is provided by gut bacteria

Question 24

Where specifically in the cell does glycolysis, the Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle), and electron transport chain occur?

Answer 24

glycolysis - the cytosol of the cell
Krebs cycle - the mitochondrial matrix
electron transport chain - the mitochondria

Question 25

what is the function of the urinary system?

Answer 25

To filter blood and create urine as a waste product.

Question 26

what is the function of the reproduction system?

Answer 26

To ensure the survival of a species.

Question 27

Know what each function is of the various structures in the urinary system.

Question 28

What is a nephron?

Answer 28

A nephron is a filtering unit found in the kidney.

Question 29

Know the order that filtrate travels through the nephron.

Question 30

Know the order of blood flow into and out of the nephron.

Answer 30

The nephrons work through a two-step process: the glomerulus filters your blood, and the tubule returns needed substances to your blood and removes wastes.

Question 31

Where does filtration occur in the nephron?

Answer 31

The glomerulus

Question 32

What region of the nephron is water impermeable? Cannot pass through?

Answer 32

Ascending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to water.

Question 33

Where are most substances absorbed in the nephron? Which part is considered the “work house”?

Answer 33

The majority of water reabsorption that occurs in the nephron is facilitated by the AQPs.

Question 34

ADH works to absorb water in which region of the nephron?

Answer 34

ADH acts upon the collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules of nephrons to increase water reabsorption.

Question 35

What converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

Answer 35

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) which is mostly found in the vascular endothelium of the lungs and kidneys.

Question 36

When is the blood pH considered acidosis and alkalosis?

Answer 36

The blood is considered alkaline when its pH is above 7.45 and acidic when the pH is below 7.35.

Question 37

What is a fertilized egg called?

Answer 37

A fertilized egg is called a zygote.

Question 38

What is the name for maturation of an egg cell?

Answer 38

oogenesis, in the human female reproductive system, growth process in which the primary egg cell (or ovum) becomes a mature ovum.

Question 39

Sex cells are also known as?

Answer 39

Sex cells are also called reproductive cells or gametes.

Question 40

Sex organs are also known as?

Answer 40

The sexual organs are called the gonads. Both sexes have gonads: In females, the ovaries, which make female gametes (eggs). The male gonads make male gametes (sperm).

Question 41

What is the word that describes the start of a woman’s menses? The end? The absence?

Answer 41

menarche (the start), menopause (the end), amenorrhea (the absence)

Question 42

Structures/functions of male and female reproductive systems.

Question 43

When does ovulation occur?

Answer 43

In an average 28-day menstrual cycle, ovulation typically occurs about 14 days before the start of the next menstrual period.

Question 44

Be able to label the various structures of the male/female reproductive systems.