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POLI 101 > Final Study > Flashcards

Final Study Flashcards

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1
Q

political parties

A

publicly organized groups of people who are motivated by some common set of political ideas, with a goal of having their particular members win public office so that those ideas can be put into practice

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2
Q

5 functions of political parties

A
  1. recruitment
  2. fundraising
  3. interest aggregation
  4. policy development
  5. education
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3
Q

ideology

A
  • basis of a loose set of fundamental political principles
  • principles are used for generating ideas about the purposes of government, how it should be organized, and what public policies should be implemented
  • political parties are built on ideologies
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4
Q

partisan

A
  • a loyal follower of a cause

- dependable, willing to defend the cause, and wants to see it succeed

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5
Q

high partisanship

A

reasonable commitment to a set of political ideals that are related to the principles of the regime

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6
Q

low partisanship

A

the “retail” practical part of politics, to the actions and operations that must be performed to get people into government to achieve the higher ideals

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7
Q

party system

A

number and types of parties that a regime is likely to have given the various factors that influence parties (the electoral system, party finance rules, federalism, political culture)

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8
Q

multi-party system

A

allows for development of different parties that represent different ideological positions and very different political interests (Canadian system)

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9
Q

4 classifications of political parties

A
  1. brokerage
  2. ideological
  3. single-issue
  4. protest
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10
Q

brokerage party

A

large, highly pragmatic parties and try to appeal to every region, ethnic group and social class
- Canada has majority brokerage parties

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11
Q

ideological party

A

espouse ideological views that are outside of mainstream and more concerned with promoting those views than winning seats

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12
Q

single-issue parties party

A

more concerned with promoting views than winning seats for a specific issue

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13
Q

protest party

A

emerge from belief that the dominant forces in political life systematically ignore them

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14
Q

delegate elected representatives

A

spokespersons who faithfully transmit the views of the majority of people who elect them

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15
Q

trustee elected representatives

A

people whom we “entrust” the responsibilities of government

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16
Q

party member elected representatives

A

task of our representatives is to be loyal supporters of the policies advocated by their party
- based on mandate

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17
Q

mandate

A

if MPs are elected on the basis of party affiliation then it infers that the electorate has endorsed the general line of policy that is proposed in the election campaign, thus the party has a “democratic mandate” to carry out that line of policy
- no mandate if MPs were elected as delegates or trustees

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18
Q

floor-crossing

A

in the House, where an MP joins another party

- aligns with trustee theory, tries to do what is best for the riding and country

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19
Q

microcosm theory of representation

A
  • legislative bodies are fully representative only if the assembly is a microcosm of society as a whole
  • grounded in 2 arguments: (i) inclusivity as a requirement of fairness, and (ii) our legislative body needs to be inclusive of the wide variety of Canadian citizens to ensure that their perspectives are heard and their interests can be defended
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20
Q

plurality

A

person/party with most votes win

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21
Q

single-member plurality (SMP)

A

electoral system in Canada, in which the country is divided into a number of electoral districts (ridings/constituencies) which have 1 representative who is elected by plurality of votes

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22
Q

first-past-the-post electoral system

A

you don’t have to have a majority to win, you only need yo get to the finish line ahead of all other candidates

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23
Q

electoral boundaries commissions

A

independent commissions that determine specific boundaries of electoral districts by providing Parliament with a set of recommendations

  • 3 persons with a judge
  • community interest
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24
Q

community interest

A

ex. keeping rural communities together rather than mixing with urban, keeping minority language populations together, etc

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25
Q

electoral quotient

A

calculated average population for an electoral district, tries to make equal constituents

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26
Q

how many electoral districts in Canada?

A

338

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27
Q

general election

A

once GG dissolves parliament, a general election is called immediately, a nation-wide election

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28
Q

by-election

A

held in a single constituency to fill a seat vacated midway through a Parliament by the death or resignation of an MP

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29
Q

Chief Electoral Officer

A

politically neutral civil servant who administers general elections and appointed returning officers

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30
Q

returning officer

A

in charge of an electoral district, appoints deputy returning officer, poll clerks, and 2 enumerators

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31
Q

poll

A

small divisions of electoral districts

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32
Q

enumerators

A

tasked to prepare the official voters’ list for the poll

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33
Q

scrutineers

A

each party has 2 at each poll, observes the process and keep candidates posted on whether known supporters have voted

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34
Q

proportional representation (RP)

A

an electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them
- those against SMP advocate for RP

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35
Q

party list system

A

each party prepares a list of candidates in rank order, electoral districts are abolished so instead of holding 338 elections, we hold a nationwide election
- votes are for parties, not candidates

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36
Q

mixed member proportional (MMP) system

A
  • blends a party list form of PR with SMP

- only some seats would be elected on the basis of a party list system (¼-½) and rest would be through SMP

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37
Q

single transferable vote (STV)

A

electoral system where people do not vote just for one candidate, they rank all candidates in order of preference

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38
Q

charter of rights

A

made to prevent democratic majorities from using political power to violate rights (especially the rights of minorities)
- constitutionally entrenched rights

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39
Q

remedy

A

something effectual must attend the possession of a right

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40
Q

section 52 remedy

A

in most cases if courts find a law in violation of a Charter, they employ this remedy which states that any law that is inconsistent with the Constitution is of no force or effect

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41
Q

reading in

A

when a law fails to extend protection of rights to those who have a legitimate constitutional claim, a read in can extend the law to protect more rights

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42
Q

Bill of Rights

A

document recognized and declared the existence of a number of “human rights and fundamental freedoms” including freedom of religion, speech, assembly and association, the right to the enjoyment of property, a number of procedural rights, such as the right to retrain legal counsel upon arrest

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43
Q

PHS Community Services Society Case

A

2011, concerning the operation of a provincial government-sanctioned and -financed safe drug-injection facility in Vancouver

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44
Q

notwithstanding clause

A

Parliament or a provincial legislature may pass a law and declare it to be valid “notwithstanding” (ie. in spite of) the guarantees offered by sections 2 and 7-15 of the Charter

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45
Q

section 1 of the Charter

A

The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees the rights and freedoms set out on it subject only to such reasonable limits prescribed by law as can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society

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46
Q

Oakes test

A
  • court began establishing procedure for s.1 questions, thus a law in violation of some Charter right could be saved under s.1 only if it met 2 tests:
    1. a law must be a response to a “pressing and substantial” problem in over to justify overriding a Charter right
    2. “proportionality”, the suitability of the means used to pursue the law’s objective
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47
Q

unitary

A

system of govt in which all sovereign authority resides in one governing body - the national government

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48
Q

federal

A

authority is constitutionally divided between two levels of government

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49
Q

section 91 of CA 1867

A
  • establishes exclusive legislative jurisdiction of the federal government
  • grants federal Parliament exclusive jurisdiction over trade, commerce, economy, taxation, and criminal law
50
Q

section 92 of CA 1867

A
  • establishes legislative jurisdiction of the provinces
  • these sections showed the division of powers between the two levels of govt
  • places residual power in federal govt
51
Q

residual power

A
  • anything not specifically reserved for the provinces

- is to be part of a general federal power to legislature

52
Q

reservation

A

given right of lieutenant governor to reserve provincial legislation (can withhold royal assent)

53
Q

lieutenant governor

A

provincial governors appointed by Ottawa

54
Q

disallowance

A

federal govt can annul provincial legislation of which it disapproves

55
Q

centralized

A

regime in which the federal govt would dominate (setting all national policies, etc.)

56
Q

decentralized

A

devolution of powers from the federal govt to lower levels

- current in Canada

57
Q

5 periods of the development of Canadian federalism

A
  1. Quasi-Federalism
  2. Classical Federalism
  3. Emergency Federalism
  4. Cooperative federalism
  5. Collaborative/Open
58
Q

fiscal federalism

A

financial relations between provincial and federal govt, through 3 branches, (i) taxation, (ii) federal spending power, and (iii) equalization payments

59
Q

direct tax

A

taxpayer is taxed directly by the government

60
Q

indirect tax

A

tax is not collected directly from the taxpayer

61
Q

tax room

A

rather than transferring revenues to provinces, Ottawa can relinquish some of its tax room to allow the provinces to take over the vacated “tax points”

62
Q

federal spending power

A

Ottawa’s power to spend money as it pleases

63
Q

conditional grant

A

federal govt establishes substantial influence over the shape/outcome of provincial programs

64
Q

unconditional grants

A

grants with less conditions, thus less federal influence

- more common now

65
Q

equalization payments

A

redistribution of federal tax revenue to provinces whose tax revenues fall below a national average standard

66
Q

bicameralism

A

power is shared by two separate chambers so that neither can act without the agreement of the other
- in Canada, HOC and Senate

67
Q

first ministers’ conference

A

premiers and federal PM discuss financial and jurisdictional issues

68
Q

Council of the Federation

A

for premiers, serves as a vehicle for promoting the view that Ottawa should transfer more funds to provinces and allow them to decide how it will be spent

69
Q

asymmetrical federalism

A

approach to federalism in which different provinces could have somewhat different powers

70
Q

Social Union Framework Agreement

A

Ottawa consented not to introduce any new shared-cost programs in provincial jurisdictions without first obtaining the approval of seven provinces that have 50% of the total Canadian population

71
Q

4 tasks of judiciary

A
  1. adjudication of legal disputes between private parties
  2. adjudication of cases in public law
  3. supervision of inquiries
  4. commissions and judicial review of the Constitution
72
Q

precedents

A

previous judicial decisions on the same point of law

73
Q

stare decisis

A

to stand by what has been decided

- practiced by judges

74
Q

reference procedure

A

Supreme Court of Canada can be called on to give its opinion on the constitutionality of specific decisions or statutes referred to it by the governor in council

75
Q

impartiality

A

the principle that judges must be free from prejudice for or against any party appearing before them

76
Q

judicial independence

A

a set of structures or rules that help judges live up to the principles of impartiality

77
Q

superior courts (s.92 courts)

A

have the most able judges (more important cases)

78
Q

inferior courts (s.91 courts)

A

may have more informal procedures depending on the type of case they handle

79
Q

integrated judicial system

A

a single system under the joint custody of the two levels of government

80
Q

s. 101 courts

A

federally created courts with federally appointed judges

81
Q

Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC)

A

British council for the final court of appeal

- took away supremacy of the Supreme Court so it was abolished in 1949 in Canada

82
Q

majority opinion

A

when Supreme Court is not unanimous, there is a majority of judges with the same opinion

83
Q

dissenting opinion

A

disagree with majority opinion

84
Q

concurring opinions

A

judges may sometimes agree on the disposition of the case but for different reasons, thus there will be a majority opinion but individual judges can write their concurring opinions

85
Q

judicial restraint

A

when courts apply an entrenched bill of rights (like the Charter(, they should give the benefit of the doubt to the legislature that enacted the law in question

86
Q

judicial activism

A

approach that favours pushing the power of judicial review vigorously, beyond black-and-white issues and into the grey

87
Q

session

A

when governor general convenes Parliament

88
Q

sitting

A

a HOC meeting

89
Q

throne speech

A

delivered to HOC and Senate in the Senate chamber, read by the GG but prepared by the PMO

90
Q

prorogation

A

a formal process when the PM advises the GG to end session

91
Q

confidence vote

A

government must win the confidence of the House in order to stay in office

92
Q

dissolution

A

after the PM wants to terminate session and asks GG for Parliament to be prorogued, PM will seek new mandate through general election

93
Q

electoral district (riding)

A

a territorially based constituency

94
Q

government members

A

those who serve in the cabinet

95
Q

private members

A

those who do not serve in cabinet but still represent the same party as the government

96
Q

government MPs

A

those who form and support gov’t

97
Q

opposition MPs

A

those who do not form and do not support gov’t

98
Q

shadow cabinet

A

team of opposition critics for each of the government’s ministries

99
Q

front bench

A

members of the cabinet and shadow cabinet occupy the first few rows

100
Q

backbench

A

MPs not in cabinet or shadow cabinet

101
Q

Speaker

A

impartial MP elected by House at the beginning of each Parliament to preside over its debates and take responsibility for its administration

102
Q

Sergeant-at-Arms

A

distinguished military figure, responsible for the security of the House

103
Q

Hansard

A

recording secretaries to keep official records of debates

104
Q

Auditor General

A

reviews government spending

105
Q

Parliamentary Budget Office (PBO)

A

since 2006, reports to Speakers of both houses, the PBO provides Parliament with independent assessment of the government’s financial position (budget estimates and broad economic trends)

106
Q

Conflict of Interest and Ethics Officer

A

deals with conflicts of interest that may arise members’ private interests as citizens and their public duties as MPs

107
Q

bills

A

legislative proposals

- any MP can introduce a bill but private MPs are rarely adopted

108
Q

government bills

A

legislative proposals presented to the House by a minister

109
Q

first reading

A

introduce the bill to the House and gives its members and the public time to acquaint themselves with its provisions

110
Q

second reading

A

basic purpose/principles of the bill

111
Q

report stage

A

after the second reading, the bill is sent to one of the House’s committees for careful study of its specific provisions

112
Q

third reading

A

o the Senate where it goes through the same 3 stages, then passed to the GG for royal assent

113
Q

royal assent

A

constitutional formality by GG

114
Q

proclamation

A

stage where bill is proclaimed, transformed from legislative proposal into a binding law or “statute”

115
Q

resolutions

A

expresses the opinion of the House, does not result in the adoption of a new law or policy

116
Q

scrutiny of public expenditure

A

scrutiny comes in two stages: before and after expenditure
before any money is spent by a gov’t department, they must present its estimates to the House’s standing committees that has jurisdiction in that area

117
Q

estimates

A

proposed expenditures for the coming year

118
Q

Standing Orders

A

Parliament’s codified basic regulations regarding conduct and business

119
Q

closure

A

permits the government to cut off debate if it decides that the opposition is taking too much time

120
Q

Senate purpose

A

serve as a chamber of “sober second thought”

- reviews legislative proposals emanating from the HOC

121
Q

senate reform

A

changing the way one becomes a senator, about revising the powers of the Senate, and about reforming the relationship between the Senate and the HOC

POLI 101 (1 decks)

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