Final study Flashcards
Frequency
How often a behavior occurs
Duration
How long a behavior lasts
Intensity
How strong is a behavior
latency
Time between the presentation of a stimulus to when the behavior occurs
Overt
Behavior can be observed
Covert
behavior cannot be observed
Behavioral Deficit
If there is an adaptive behavior, we want to increase then we classify the behavior as in behavioral deficit. We have a deficit if we want to increase a behavior.
behavioral Excess
If there is a non-adaptive behavior, we want to decrease then we classify the behavior as in behavioral excess. We have an excess if we want to decrease a behavior.
Antecedents
Environmental stimuli that triggers the behavior
Behaviors
What a person does, thinks, says or feels
Consequences
Outcome of the behavior that makes it more likely to occur or less likely to occur
Three cardinal features of science
Observation, Experimentation and Measurement
Naturalistic Observation
when a scientist observes human or animal behavior in the natural environment. Pros: Seeing the behavior as is without experimental tampering. Cons: Could take a long time to see the behaviors and be expensive.
Laboratory Observation
when a scientist brings a subject into a laboratory to be observed. Pros: The scientist can use equipment to observe the behavior. Cons: The subject knows they are being watched and will modify their behavior accordingly.
Case Studies
when a psychologist observes a person or a small group for detailed observation. Pros: Abel to get a rich description of the subject. Cons: Lacks generalizability to larger groups
Surveys
when a subject takes a questionnaire consisting of at least one scale to measure a psychological construct. Pros: It’s easy to administer and cost effective. Cons: The survey could be tedious and survey fatigue may impact results. Also participants may answer questions for social desirability to be seen in a more favorable light.
Correlational Research
when we find a statistical relationship between two variables or groups with +1.00 being a perfect correlation, -1.00 being a perfect inverse relationship and 0 meaning no relationship at all. Pros: provides good numerical data for relationships. Cons: You can correlate anything and make a insinuate a causal relationship where one may not exist.
Experiments
when experimenters control two groups (experimental and control) and manipulate a IV (independent variable) to determine a DV (dependent variable) for the experimental group. The when measured against the control group to see if there was a change or behavioral change in psychology. Pros: this type of research allows for the making of a casual statement. Cons: Costly and tedious to set up.
Precontemplation stage
When a person is not even considering making a change and may be even in denial
Contemplation Stage
This is when change is seriously considered, but within a vague timeframe of the next six months. Many people stay stuck in this stage for a long period of time due to a fear of failure and so they postpone and procrastinate.
Preparation Stage
This is when the person gets ready to change within the next month. The goal must be specific, measurable and attainable.
Action Stage
When we are in full swing of modifying the behavior. we go through the fight and sacrifice and substituting of behaviors in order to change.
Maintenance Stage
When you have achieved the behavioral change and are in the process of maintaining it long term
Termination stage
You have achieved the goal but relapse is still possible. Recycling is a better way to think of it.
Goal
An object or result that is clear to interpret that we made it. We hit the mark.
Proximal goals
Goals that are in the near future
Distal Goals
Goals that are far off
Behavioral definition
A behavioral definition is a precise, objective, unambiguous description of the target behavior or a competing behavior.
Baseline Phase
When we are recording the behavior before any change has occurred so we have something to compare it to in the treatment phase.
Self-Efficacy
Self-Efficacy is our self-esteem and belief about competence and feeling like we can deal with life’s problems.
AB design
To see if there is an effect between baseline and treatment phases but no replication
ABAB Reversal Design
Subjects are taken back to the baseline phase to see if the experiment works again.
Multiple Baselines design
Across subjects is 2 or more subjects, across behaviors is 2 or more behaviors and across setting is 2 or more settings to see fi the person is meeting the same criterion.
Changing Criteria Design
Criteria changes as a person achieves goals such as with weight lifting.
Functional Relationship
when an experimenter can say that a target behavior (DV) has changed due to a procedure, treatment or strategy (IV)
Criterion
trigger for achieving the goal or target behavior
self-monitoring
when you measure and record your own behavior
Natural setting
A place that is part of the subjects daily routine
Analogue setting
A place not part of the subjects routine
Continuous recording
When a client is watched continuously throughout the observation period and all occurrences of the behavior are recorded.
Product or outcome recording
when a tangible outcome is recorded