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Final SS Flashcards

1
Q

By what routes did the native peoples of the New World first arrive?

A

Across Beringia, land bridge that once connected Siberia and Alaska, By boat along northern rim of Pacific, then southward along coast, From Iberian Peninsula to Newfoundland by boat, along edge of an ice cap, Migration, by boat, from west Africa to Brazil

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2
Q

What was the way of life for the first Americans?

A

Mobile Hunter-Gatherers

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3
Q

What environments did the first Americans inhabit?

A

All of them: Mountains, prairies, deserts, forests

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4
Q

When and where did the America’s first settled population emerge?

A

Mesoamericans around 1200 BC.

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5
Q

What crop allowed these people to settle?

A

Maize

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6
Q

Where are the Eastern Woodlands located?

A

Between the Mississippi River and the Atlantic Ocean

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7
Q

What were the main crops of the native peoples in the Woodlands?

A

Corn, beans, and squash

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8
Q

What agricultural techniques did Woodlanders practice?

A

Slash and burn

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9
Q

What was the drawback, or cost, to native peoples in the shift to agriculture?

A

Became less healthy, as evidenced by weaker bones and teeth

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10
Q

Despite the negative consequences, what benefits to agriculture encouraged them to continue its adoption?

A

Steady, reliable food source, Surplus, Specialization

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11
Q

What were examples of American Indian cultural traits that were different from those in Europe?

A

Worldview, Religious beliefs and practices, Concepts of ownership and property, Kinship networks

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12
Q

How did Indians view the material and the supernatural worlds?

A

There was no separation between the two, they were one and the same.

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13
Q

How can their religious beliefs be characterized?

A

Animistic, Polytheistic

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14
Q

What are some examples of how their religious beliefs shaped the way they lived their lives?

A

Rituals for everything, Blood of extreme importance and sacredness, Dreams considered real and taken seriously as a consequence,

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15
Q

Unlike most human societies, how did North America’s Indians trace their ancestry?

A

Through the female, matrineal

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16
Q

What are some examples of what this looked like day-to-day in North American Indian society?

A

Men typically joined woman’s family

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17
Q

While Indians had some semblance of “ownership,” how did their conception of ownership differ from the European conception of ownership and private property?

A

For Europeans, ownership and property rights was God-given and thus inviolable, Natives had no conception of ownership or property rights beyond utilitarian items like tools or weapons or maybe some jewelry

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18
Q

Where were the largest population societies?

A

South west, Mississippi, and Mesoamerica

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19
Q

What was the Chaco Canyon civilization like?

A

They lived in Pueblos in a canyon.

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20
Q

What caused the collapse of Chaco Canyon?

A

Deforestation and over-irrigation forced them into ever smaller communities

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21
Q

What makes Cahokia particularly significant?

A

Possibly being the largest civilization in Mexico

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22
Q

What is Cahokia famous for?

A

Earthen pyramids

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23
Q

Describe Cahokia’s political structure.

A

Organized around chiefdoms

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24
Q

How was slavery understood in Cahokia? What did this understanding mean for someone who was a slave?

A

Slaves weren’t property but rather individuals without connections to the community

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25
Q

What happened at Cahokia’s Big Bang?

A

Massive population explosion ➢ Population surged nearly 500% in single generation

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26
Q

What caused Cahokia’s collapse?

A

When the Big Bang happened, it is thought that too much people put a strain on the soceity

27
Q

What sort of communities did Eastern Woodlanders live in?

A

Small, dispersed ➢ Semi-nomadic

28
Q

What advantage did these sort of communities offer them?

A

Allowed them to take advantage of rich soil and abundant rivers and streams

29
Q

Describe the role of sachems in Eastern Woodland society.

A

1 or more sachems governed by people’s consent

30
Q

Describe the role of women in Eastern Woodland societies.

A

Possessed authority over marriages, households, agricultural production, and selecting sachems

31
Q

What was the primary food source of the Pacific Northwest peoples?

A

Salmon

32
Q

What did the way of life of the Pacific Northwest peoples revolve around?

A

Salmon

33
Q

What allowed the Pacific Northwest to become one of the most densely populated regions of the New World?

A

Moderate climate ➢ Lush forests ➢ Abundant rivers ➢ Food surpluses

34
Q

What were potlatches and what were they used for?

A

Elaborate feasts designed to develop relationships and elevate social status

35
Q

What were the cedar trees used for in the Northwest by the Native People?

A

Plank houses, Massive canoes to sail and fish in Pacific Ocean, Totem poles and other elaborate figures and items like drums,

36
Q

What does the word “Mesoamerica” refer to?

A

Mexico and Central America

37
Q

What were “chinampas”?

A

Floating gardens

38
Q

What’s the difference between highland and lowland agriculture in Mesoamerica?

A

Highland = permanent fields, irrigation, and chinampas ➢ Lowland = shifting fields, slash and burn techniques, chinampas in marshes and lakes

39
Q

What was the Mesoamerican currency?

A

Cacao

40
Q

What did Mayan urban centers contain?

A

Temples, pyramids, palaces, courts for playing ball, and plazas

41
Q

How were the Maya able to survive and practice agriculture at such high elevations?

A

Irrigation and terracing

42
Q

What are Mayan codices?

A

Mayan “books” where recorded calendrical and astronomical observations in hieroglyphic writing

43
Q

At its peak, how extensive was Mayan civilization?

A

More than 40 urban centers, each center population ranging from 5000-50,000

44
Q

What are the theories of the Maya collapse?

A

War-related disruption of river and land trade routes, Deforestation, Drought

45
Q

Who did the Maya sacrifice?

A

Urban centers warred with one another, taking losing aristocrats and remaining population captive

46
Q

Why were these sacrifices essential to the Maya?

A

Religious rituals to appease their deities and demonstrate piety, Believed universe would end without offering of blood

47
Q

What role did the Mayan priests have in the sacrificial ceremonies?

A

Intermediaries between people and deities, so had to ritually mutilate and draw blood from themselves

48
Q

Where did the Aztecs settle?

A

Lake Texcoco

49
Q

Why is the Aztec empire significant?

A

Largest empire in Native Americas

50
Q

Describe Aztec society.

A

Militaristic and brutal ➢ Everything revolved around military

51
Q

Many have questioned the truth of Aztec sacrificial practices, claiming they are either fabrications or exaggerations by imperialistic Europeans. Describe the evidence unearthed by Harvard scholar David Carrasco that rather emphatically refutes these assertions.

A

Skeletal remains of children with throats slashed ➢ 80 different sacrificial centers in Aztec capital alone

52
Q

Most Aztec sacrificial victims were of which sex?

A

Male

53
Q

According to the evidence, how many women and children were sacrificed?

A

At least 1/3

54
Q

What was the Aztec sacrificial ceremony like? How did the process differ if the victim was a woman?

A

Men would have their chest cut out and their still beating heart would be offered to the gods and they would be decapitated and their body would be thrown down the stairs, the women would have their throat cut until they were decapitated and the priests would wear their skin, the children just got their throats cut.

55
Q

Though it is impossible to put an exact number on the total of sacrificed individuals, what provides a window into the sheer magnitude of victims?

A

At least 18 major ceremonies required sacrifice each year, Each of these ceremonies had several hundred to couple thousand sacrificed victims per event

56
Q

Where was the Inca empire located?

A

West coast of South America, Andes Mountains

57
Q

How do we know anything about Incan civilization since they left no written records?

A

Inca memorizers

58
Q

Where do all written records pertaining to the Inca come from?

A

Spanish Conquest

59
Q

How did the Inca ensure political stability?

A

Forced resettlement of conquered peoples ➢ Made it difficult to coordinate rebellion

60
Q

Without money, how did the Inca people pay taxes?

A

Army service, public works, agricultural work

61
Q

What was Inca society like?

A

Highly stratified ➢

62
Q

Who was the Inca road network limited to?

A

Government and military

63
Q

Why did the Inca’s infrastructure, in part, prove its undoing?

A

Spanish able to utilize it as part of their conquest

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