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GEO 261 > Final: Smallpox > Flashcards

Final: Smallpox Flashcards

1
Q

What was the virus responsible for smallpox?

A

Variola

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2
Q

What are the “relatives” of the variola virus?

A

cowpox, vaccinia, camelpox, monkeypox, chickenpox

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3
Q

What is the most likely mode of transmission?

A

Person to person
Inhalation of Droplets (less than 2 meters)
Direct contact
With infected body fluids (saliva, blood)
Scabs
Contaminated Objects (fomites)

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4
Q

What is the length of contagion?

A

Most contagious rash onset
First 7-10 days
Contagious until last scab falls off

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5
Q

What are the initial symptoms of smallpox?

A

Small red spots in mouth and on tongue

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6
Q

Contrast the distribution of smallpox rash vs chicken pox rash:

A

Smallpox rash is centrifugal, most rash occurs on arms, legs, hands and feet. chicken pox rash is more centralized on the body.

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7
Q

What period of time can smallpox be transmitted more easily?

A

Cool, dry winter months but can be transmitted in any climate

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8
Q

What is the case fatality rate in Variola major ordinary?

A

30%

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9
Q

What is the case-fatality rate in variola major malignant or “flat”?

A

97%

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10
Q

What is the case fatality rate in variola major hemorrhagic?

A

near 100%

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11
Q

What is the case fatality rate in variola major modified?

A

rarely fatal

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12
Q

What is the case fatality rate of variola minor?

A

less than 1%

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13
Q

What was the number and case fatality rate in 18th century Europe? Among children?

A
  • 400,000 deaths per year, 20-60% case fatality

- 80-98% fatality in infants

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14
Q

What were the most common complications among smallpox survivors?

A

Scars, limb deformities and blindness

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15
Q

What was variolation?

A

obsolete method of immunizing patients against smallpox by infecting them with substance from the pustules of patients with a mild form

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16
Q

What was the source of the method of variolation?

A

China, India

17
Q

Who introduced variolation in Great Britain (made it popular)?

A

Lady Mary Wortley Montague

18
Q

Who is considered the “father” of vaccination?

A

Edward Jenner

19
Q

What was used in modern vaccines?

A

vaccinia virus

20
Q

When was the last US vaccination?

A

1972

21
Q

What are some serious complications to smallpox vaccine?

A

1) Inadvertent inoculation
2) Generalized vaccinia
3) Erythema multiforme

22
Q

What are some life threatening complications to smallpox vaccine?

A

1) Progressive vaccinia
2) Post vaccinal encephalitis
3) Eczema vaccinatum

23
Q

Who should not get the smallpox vaccine?

A 
People with:
1) Eczema or atopic dermatitis 
2) Skin conditions
3) Chickenpox, herpes, psoriasis, shingles
4) Weakened immune system
5) Transplant, chemotherapy, HIV, others
6) Pregnant women
7) Less than 18yr. old
8) Breastfeeding mothers
If exposed, get vaccine no matter what
24
Q

Where was the last case of Variola major?

A

Bangladesh 1975

25
Q

Where was the last case of Variola minor?

A

Somalia 1977

26
Q

What year did the WHO declare smallpox dead?

A

1980

27
Q

What were the reasons for the eradications success?

A 
Stable Virus
No animal reservoir
No insect/animal vector
Vaccinees easily identifiable
Diseased easily identifiable
Herd Immunity Strategy
*Effective Vaccine available*
28
Q

What was the strategy to eliminate smallpox?

A

Mass vaccination campaigns in each country
80% of population target
Vaccine of ensured potency
Detect and contain cases and outbreaks

29
Q

Where are the smallpox stores?

A

1) CDC in Atlanta, Georgia

2) Vector Laboratories in Koltsovo, Russia

30
Q

How many US military were vaccinated post 9/11?

A

578,286

31
Q

Where is the origin of monkeypox?

A

Central Africa

32
Q

What is the animal reservoir for monkeypox?

A

African squirrel

33
Q

How is monkeypox transmitted?

A

bites, aerosol, direct contact to animal

34
Q

Where was the outbreak distributed in the US?

A

6 Mid-Western states

35
Q

What was the response of the US to monkeypox?

A

1) Treat patients
2) vaccinate for smallpox
3) Control infection (with bleach)
4) Embargo of animals from Africa
5) Euthanasia of animals
6) Quarantine animals for 6 weeks

36
Q

What did Jenner use in his first vaccination?

A

cowpox

37
Q

What were Brilliant’s keys to eradicating smallpox?

A

1) Surveillance
2) Early Detection
3) Early Response

GEO 261 (6 decks)

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