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MA/REN > Final SG > Flashcards

Final SG Flashcards

1
Q

Tympanum

A

The semi-circular or triangular decorative space above a door or window, often filled with sculptural reliefs, typical in Romanesque and Gothic architecture.

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2
Q

Medieval mystics

A

Religious figures who sought direct experiences with God through intense personal devotion, prayer, and asceticism. Notable figures include Hildegard of Bingen and St. Francis of Assisi.

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3
Q

Flying buttresses

A

Architectural elements in Gothic cathedrals that provide support to the walls, allowing for taller structures and larger windows, especially stained glass.

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4
Q

Stigmata

A

The appearance of bodily wounds corresponding to the crucifixion wounds of Christ, experienced by mystics like St. Francis of Assisi.

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5
Q

heresy

A

Beliefs or opinions that go against the established doctrines of the Church, often leading to accusations, trials, and sometimes punishment.

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6
Q

Memento mori

A

A symbolic reminder of human mortality, often depicted in art as a skull, hourglass, or decaying objects to remind viewers of life’s fleeting nature.

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7
Q

Scholasticism

A

A medieval philosophical and theological system that aimed to reconcile faith with reason, developed by thinkers like St. Thomas Aquinas.

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8
Q

Humanism

A

A cultural and intellectual movement during the Renaissance focused on the revival of classical antiquity and the belief in the value and potential of human beings.

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9
Q

Renaissance humanism

A

A more specific form of humanism that emerged in the Renaissance, emphasizing the study of classical texts, individualism, and human potential.

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10
Q

Linear or one-point perspective

A

A technique in art that creates the illusion of depth and space on a flat surface by using converging lines toward a single vanishing point.

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11
Q

Sfumato

A

An Italian term meaning “smoky,” it refers to a painting technique, especially used by Leonardo da Vinci, where colors and tones blend seamlessly to create a soft, atmospheric effect.

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12
Q

Patrons/patronnage

A

Wealthy individuals or organizations who financially support artists, enabling them to produce works of art. Notable patrons include the Medici family.

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13
Q

Abbot Suger

A

The French abbot who initiated the Gothic architectural style, particularly in the renovation of the Abbey Church of Saint-Denis.

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14
Q

Hildegarde of Bingen

A

A 12th-century German abbess, mystic, and polymath known for her visionary writings, musical compositions, and theological works.

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15
Q

St. Thomas Aquinas

A

A Dominican friar and theologian, he is best known for integrating Aristotelian philosophy with Christian theology, particularly in his work Summa Theologica.

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16
Q

St. Francis of Assisi

A

Founder of the Franciscan order, he is known for his poverty, humility, and devotion to nature, as well as for receiving the stigmata.

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17
Q

Enrico Scrovegni

A

A wealthy Italian banker and patron of the arts, he commissioned Giotto’s famous Arena Chapel in Padua.

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18
Q

Leon Battista Alberti

A

An Italian architect, artist, and theorist whose writings, such as On Painting and On Architecture, were foundational to Renaissance art and architecture.

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19
Q

Cosimo de’ Medici

A

The patriarch of the powerful Medici family, Cosimo was a key patron of the arts during the Renaissance in Florence.

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20
Q

Lorenzo “the Magnificent”

A

The grandson of Cosimo, Lorenzo was a major patron of Renaissance art and learning, supporting artists like Botticelli and Michelangelo.

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21
Q

Pope Leo X

A

A Medici pope who was a major patron of the arts but also played a significant role in the events leading to the Protestant Reformation.

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22
Q

Pope Julius II

A

Known as the “Warrior Pope,” Julius II was a key patron of Renaissance art, commissioning works from Michelangelo and Raphael.

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23
Q

Ghiberti

A

Lorenzo Ghiberti was an Italian artist, best known for designing the Gates of Paradise, the bronze doors of the Baptistery of Florence.

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24
Q

Brunelleschi

A

Filippo Brunelleschi was an Italian architect who designed the dome of Florence Cathedral, a masterpiece of Renaissance engineering.

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25
Q

Masaccio

A

An early Renaissance painter known for his use of perspective and human realism, especially in the fresco cycle in the Brancacci Chapel.

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26
Q

Donatello

A

An Italian sculptor, one of the most prominent figures of early Renaissance art, known for his sculptures like David and Mary Magdalene.

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27
Q

Verrocchio

A

Andrea del Verrocchio was an Italian sculptor, painter, and teacher of Leonardo da Vinci.

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28
Q

Botticelli

A

Sandro Botticelli was an Italian painter known for his works like The Birth of Venus and Primavera.

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29
Q

Leonardo da Vinci

A

An iconic Renaissance polymath, famous for works like Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, as well as his contributions to science, engineering, and anatomy.

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30
Q

Michelangelo

A

A Renaissance artist, sculptor, and architect, his masterpieces include the David sculpture and the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

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31
Q

Raphael

A

A Renaissance painter known for works such as The School of Athens and The Transfiguration.

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32
Q

Veronese

A

Paolo Veronese was an Italian Renaissance painter famous for his large-scale narrative paintings, such as The Wedding at Cana.

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33
Q

Sofonisba Anguissola

A

An Italian Renaissance painter, she was one of the few women to gain recognition as a professional artist, known for portraits.

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34
Q

Martin Luther

A

A German monk and theologian who sparked the Protestant Reformation by nailing his 95 Theses to the church door in 1517.

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35
Q

Age of Faith

A

A term referring to the medieval period, during which religion, particularly Christianity, dominated cultural and intellectual life.

36
Q

The Black Death

A

A devastating plague that struck Europe in the 14th century, killing an estimated one-third of the population.

37
Q

Magna Carta

A

A 1215 document signed by King John of England that limited royal power and established certain legal rights for subjects.

38
Q

Inquisition

A

The judicial institutions of the Roman Catholic Church aimed at eradicating heresy, often through interrogation and torture.

39
Q

95 Theses

A

Martin Luther’s 1517 document that challenged Catholic doctrines, particularly the sale of indulgences, leading to the Protestant Reformation.

40
Q

Protestant Reformation

A

A religious movement in the 16th century that led to the creation of Protestant churches and a major split in Christianity.

41
Q

The Counter-Reformation

A

The Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation, aiming to reform itself and combat Protestantism through internal reforms and persecution.

42
Q

Gesso

A

A primer used in painting, typically a mixture of chalk, gypsum, and glue, applied to surfaces before painting.

43
Q

Tempera

A

A painting technique where pigments are mixed with egg yolk, creating a fast-drying medium often used in medieval and Renaissance art.

44
Q

Altarpiece

A

A painted or sculpted work of art placed above or behind an altar, often depicting religious scenes.

45
Q

Chiaroscuro

A

The use of light and shadow in painting to create depth and contrast, often associated with Caravaggio.

46
Q

Gothic Style

A

An architectural and artistic style that originated in 12th-century France, characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses.

47
Q

Italo-Byzantine

A

A style of painting in medieval Italy that combined Byzantine traditions (gold backgrounds, stylized figures) with Italian influences.

48
Q

Berlinghieri, St. Francis Altarpiece

A

A medieval altarpiece depicting the life of St. Francis, in a flat, stylized Byzantine-influenced style.

49
Q

Notre Dame de la Belle Verrière (“Our Lady of the Beautiful Glass”)

A

A famous stained glass window from Chartres Cathedral, depicting the Virgin Mary.

50
Q

Dance of Death, Woodcut by Guy Marchant

A

A woodcut illustrating the medieval theme of memento mori, with figures from all walks of life dancing with skeletons.

51
Q

Cimabue, Santa Trinita Madonna

A

A Byzantine-style altarpiece showing the Virgin and Child, done in a traditional flat, gold-background style.

52
Q

Giotto, Ognissanti Madonna

A

A painting by Giotto showing the Virgin and Child, marking a shift towards more naturalistic representations.

53
Q

Giotto, Arena Chapel, Lamentation over Jesus

A

A fresco showing the mourning over Christ’s body, a masterpiece of emotional realism and space.

54
Q

Giotto, St. Francis Receiving the Stigmata

A

A fresco in the Assisi Basilica that represents St. Francis receiving the stigmata, symbolizing his connection with Christ’s suffering.

55
Q

Ambrogio Lorenzetti’s Palazzo Publico’s frescos: Allegory and Effects of Bad and Good Government

A

Frescoes in Siena showing the impact of good versus bad leadership on society.

56
Q

Piero della Francesca, The Resurrection

A

A fresco showing Christ’s resurrection, notable for its clear use of perspective and calm, measured composition.

57
Q

Donatello’s David

A

A bronze sculpture depicting the biblical hero David, notable for its realism and the nude form.

58
Q

Donatello’s Mary Magdalene

A

A wood sculpture of Mary Magdalene, capturing her in a state of penitent contemplation.

59
Q

Perugino, Christ Giving the Keys of the Kingdom to St. Peter

A

A significant fresco showing Christ handing the keys to St. Peter, symbolizing the authority of the Church.

60
Q

Masaccio, Tribute Money

A

A fresco in the Brancacci Chapel, depicting the biblical story of Christ instructing Peter to pay the temple tax, known for its innovative use of perspective and light.

61
Q

Verrocchio’s David

A

A bronze sculpture of David, notable for its realistic depiction and the use of contrapposto.

62
Q

Competition panels of “Abraham Sacrificing Isaac”

A

The panels from the competition to design the doors of the Florence Baptistery, one of which was by Ghiberti and the other by Brunelleschi, marking the birth of Renaissance art in Florence.

63
Q

Ghiberti’s “Gates of Paradise”

A

The famous bronze doors of the Florence Baptistery, depicting scenes from the Old Testament, praised for their use of linear perspective.

64
Q

Mona Lisa

A

(Leonardo da Vinci) – Perhaps the most famous painting in the world, renowned for its mysterious smile and mastery of sfumato technique.

65
Q

Pietà

A

(Michelangelo) – A marble sculpture depicting the Virgin Mary holding the body of Christ, showcasing Michelangelo’s exceptional skill in rendering human emotion and form.

66
Q

Raphael’s The School of Athens

A

A fresco in the Vatican, featuring famous philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle in a grand architectural setting, representing the height of Renaissance humanism.

67
Q

Workshop of Robert Campin, Annunciation Triptych (Merode Altarpiece)

A

A Northern Renaissance triptych famous for its detail and symbolism, particularly the depiction of the Annunciation.

68
Q

Titian, Venus of Urbino

A

A famous reclining nude painting, exemplifying Venetian Renaissance art with its sensual portrayal of the female figure.

69
Q

Titian, Christ Crowned with Thorns

A

A powerful and emotional painting capturing the suffering of Christ before his crucifixion.

70
Q

Dante’s Divine Comedy

A

An epic poem exploring the journey of Dante through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise, laying the foundation for Renaissance literature.

71
Q

Boccaccio, The Decameron

A

A collection of 100 tales, reflecting the social dynamics and morals of 14th-century Italy, often seen as a precursor to Renaissance humanism.

72
Q

Christine de Pisan

A

A French writer known for her works on women’s rights and social issues, particularly in “The Book of the City of Ladies.”

73
Q

Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales

A

A famous work that offers a vivid portrait of medieval English society, blending humor with moral lessons.

74
Q

Leon Battista Alberti

A

An Italian Renaissance polymath who wrote extensively on architecture, painting, and humanist philosophy.

75
Q

Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects

A

A seminal work in art history, documenting the lives and achievements of Renaissance artists and contributing to the concept of artistic genius.

76
Q

Chartes Cathedral

A

A Gothic masterpiece known for its stunning stained glass windows and remarkable architecture.

77
Q

Church of Saint-Denis

A

A key site in the development of Gothic architecture, with its ribbed vaults and pointed arches.

78
Q

Notre Dame, Paris

A

An iconic Gothic cathedral, famous for its flying buttresses and beautiful rose windows.

79
Q

Salisbury Cathedral

A

A stunning example of English Gothic architecture, with the tallest spire in the UK.

80
Q

Bologna University

A

The oldest university in the Western world, established in 1088, pivotal in the development of humanist thought.

81
Q

Florence Cathedral and Brunelleschi’s dome

A

One of the most important architectural achievements of the Renaissance, with Filippo Brunelleschi’s innovative dome design revolutionizing architecture.

82
Q

Identify the main differences in Gothic architecture from Romanesque. Why was stained glass such an important and how Gothic cathedrals meant to be read?

A

Gothic architecture features pointed arches, ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, and large windows, while Romanesque architecture has rounded arches, thick walls, and small windows. Stain glass windows in Gothic cathedrals were used for storytelling and as a “Bible in stone,” allowing worshippers to understand religious stories and teachings through the artwork.

83
Q

What was Renaissance-age Florence like? What was the political, economic, and social climate like? Why did the Renaissance flourish there first?

A

Florence, an independent city-state ruled by the Medici family, was a hub of arts, commerce, and banking, with a thriving middle class. Wealth from these sources supported artists, architects, and scholars. Florence’s political stability and cultural openness fostered innovation in art, architecture, and thought, making it a hub of classical learning and ideas.

84
Q

Humanists of the Renaissance – studia humanitatis. What did it mean to be a humanist during the Renaissance? How was it different than a medieval humanist? Who comes to mind and what attributes would they have shown?

A

Renaissance humanists studied humanities, focusing on grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, and moral philosophy. They aimed to revive classical ideals, celebrate human potential, and apply classical learning to improve society. Key figures included Petrarch, Erasmus, and Leonardo da Vinci.

85
Q

What the main differences between art from the high Middle Ages and the Renaissance? How to recognize art of the Renaissance. How did the role of patron change?

A

Renaissance art differed from High Middle Ages, focusing on naturalism, human anatomy, perspective, and chiaroscuro. It featured realistic figures, linear perspective, and classical themes. Patrons, often wealthy families, supported artists.

86
Q

How did the role of the artist change during this period of time? What are some of the standout moments that illustrate that shift?

A

During the Renaissance, artists were viewed as intellectuals and individual creators, with Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael embodying the ideal of genius. They were skilled in their craft and deeply involved in science, anatomy, and philosophy. Michelangelo’s David and Sistine Chapel Ceiling demonstrate the shift in art’s focus from religious to individual achievement and intellectual engagement with religion, anatomy, and storytelling.

MA/REN (2 decks)

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