final semester 1 Flashcards
naturalism
artistic style that revolved around accuracy
nationalism
pride in your nation
vernacular
common language
patron
financial support given to artist
renaissance
rebirth
Lorenzo de Medici
major patron of the arts in Florence “The Magnificent”
Johannes Gutenberg
made metal casting and the ink press
Albert Durer
first northerner to use Italian art, “German Leonardo”
Leonardo da Vinci
renaissance man
Michelangelo
educated at the Medici palace, painted the ceiling in the Sistine chapel
indulgences
a special prayer that could be bought from a church to save a persons soul
protestant
against the Roman Catholic church
liturgy
forms of worship
Martin Luther
write 95 thesis, German monk, political landscape
John Calvin
protestant reformer who believed a group of believers were chosen by God to be the only true Christians
Columbus
first European explorer to go the “New World”
Pizarro
set off for South America and conquered Inca empire
caravel
a light ship with triangular sails, easy to maneuver
mercantilism
a system to protect wealth and regulate trade
Colombian exchange
creation of regular interchange between the east and the west hemisphere
Balboa
first European to see the Pacific ocean
Cortes
launched an invasion on Mexico
circumnavigate
to travel all around the world, Magellan was the first
conquistadors
Spanish conquerors
Atahualpa
Inca emperor who peacefully received Spaniards
capitalism
private owned businesses that makes profit
northwest passage
a sea route from the Atlantic to Pacific ocean. (Henry the Navigator looked for)
Vasco de Gama
Portuguese Navigator that made it to India
joint stock company
sold stocks to investors
Dutch East Indian company
Europe’s largest commercial enterprise
Olaudah Equiano
Former Aftrican dlave, wrote the slave narrative
triangular trade
connected Africa, Europe, and the Americas for trade
Juan Ponce de Leon
first European to reach Florida and claimed for Spain
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
led one of the largest expeditions for Spain
middle passage
largest and most brutal migration of humans
Elizabeth I
supported the Church of England, English society, entering the 17th century with great peace and national confidence
James I
clashed with parliament, believed that its a God given right to rule as an absolute monarch
Louis XIV (14TH)
ascended the thrown at the age of 5 then became a monarch of legendary power for 72 years
Charles I
James’s son, fought with parliament over issues with power and authority
Oliver Cromwell
a puritan and member of the parliament who organized oppositions to the kings forces
absolute monarchy
unquestionable and limitless power to the king/queen
constitutional monarchy
balanced power between a monarch and parliament (England)
orthodoxy
established beliefs and practices
sovereignty
rights to control their own affairs
divine rights
since God chooses the monarchs then all of their decisions are endorsed by God
Prince Vladimir
ruler of the Kievan Rus
Peter the Great
determined to bring Russia up to par with Europe, bright the nobility more under his control
Rus
people living on the steppes, tributes to religious changes, and evolved into principalities
Ivan IV
“Ivan the Terrible” ruler of Russia 1533, consideration Russia a continuation of the Roman Empire
Catherine the Great
German princess married into the Romanov Family
philosophe
enlightenment who promoted reason, science, and the improvement of society
natural rights
the rights you’re given at birth
Laissez Faire
economic French policy letting things take their own course without interfering “let do”
tyranny
government with a single ruler having absolute power
social contact
an agreement where people give up freedoms to the government in exchange for protection and order
salon
regular social gathering
bourgeoisie
middle class
enlightened deposit
absolute rulers who applied certain enlightened ideals
deism
a religion philosophy that supported natural rights ideas
censor
used by government to control public information
Montesquieu
wrote the political liberty, agreed that liberty was a natural right
Locke
Claimed people had the ability to reason and leave for themselves, supporting democracy and constitutional monarchy
Rousseau
views were often at odds with other enlightenment thinkers, claimed civilization have occupied peoples natural goodness and destroyed liberty
Voltaire
one of the most popular and influential of the philosophers, famous for satire, fought for religion tolerance, and freedom of speech?
Hobbes
English philosopher, wanted individuals to give their rights to rulers, dim views of people, absolute monarchy
Diderot
contributed articles on topics including natural law, history of philosophy, and social theory with French philosophers
estate
3 district social classes in frace
first- Catholic clergy
second- Nobility
third- everyone else
despotism
the aggressive rule by a leader without absolute power
constitutionalism
government based off of a set of basic rules
common law
a set of laws determined by earlier court decisions
disenfranchised
without rights or the ability to influence government (THIRD ESTATE)
status quo
existing condition
nation- state
a state mostly made up of people of the same nationality, of share common traits
propaganda
information used by a government to make people think or act a particular way
nationalism
beliefs that individuals are bonded together by ties to language, culture, history, and religion
ideology
basic belief of the French revolution
Marie Antoinette
queen of France during the French revolution
Fredrick the Great
ruled Prussia, introduced religious tolerance reduced censorship of the press, reformed the legal system
Napoleon
Young General who French armies collected victories with successful militarily, emperor of France
Robespierre
leader of the Jacobin’s, supported liberty, equal rights, and to defend France from outside attacks, architect of rein of terror
Louis XVI (16TH)
Absolute monarch ruled over 24 million French subjects from his palace, weak ineffective ruler
Joseph II
Promoted religious freedom of press and legal reforms for Austria
Why did the king of England break from the Roman Catholic church?
King Henry wanted to annul his marriage but the pope refused to grant it
what was the goal of the inquisition?
to maintain Catholic orthodoxy and eliminate heresy
what did Johannes Gutenberg contribute during the time of the renaissance?
invented the printing press, revolutionized the spread of information
who established a school that though sailors about navigational tools and building ship?
Prince Henry the Navigator
an expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan was the first to accomplish what?
Circumnavigate the world
which of the following did NOT contribute to the defeat of the Tenochtitlan?
The amount of people and the (Maybe) advance weaponry
what two movements helped inspire enlightenment ideas?
the renaissance and the scientific revolution
what did Plato call the “worst disorder of a state”?
tyranny
which philosophe famous for satire, fought for religion tolerance, and freedom of speech?
Voltaire
to which social class did the French peasants belong?
third- estate
what battle brought Napoleon his final defeat?
battle of Waterloo
what building did commoners overpower and loot starting the French revolution?
Bastille
