final sem. 1

Question 1

Ideals

Answer 1

Equality, rights, liberty, opportunity, democracy

Question 2

Natural rights

Answer 2

life, liberty, and property

Question 3

Social Contract Theory

Answer 3

people live together in society in accordance with an agreement that establishes moral and political rules of behavior

Question 4

3 branches

Answer 4

creates a national government consisting of a legislative, executive, and judicial branch, with a system of checks and balances among the three branches

Question 5

Bill of Rights

Answer 5

the first 10 amendments of the Constitution; spells out Americans’ rights in relation to their government and guarantees civil rights and liberties to the individual - like freedom of speech, press, and religion

Question 6

Urbanization

Answer 6

caused by poor farming conditions, massive immigration, and economic opportunity in cities; led to crime rates, disease, and buildings increasing

Question 7

Industrialization

Answer 7

caused by the nation’s population, innovative spirit, the government’s sympathy to the interests of business, and new power sources; led to an increase in jobs, poor working conditions, and a new societal class

Question 8

Impact of major innovations

Answer 8

railroads, factories, and other industries boomed and people were able to communicate in new and advanced ways; the invention of electricity brought illumination to homes and businesses; steel was used for constructing buildings and cars

Question 9

Social Darwinism and gov. support for big business

Answer 9

“natural selection” weeded out weak individuals and businesses, and the strong survived; Social Darwinists embraced laissez-faire capitalism and racism, believing that the government should not interfere by helping the poor

Question 10

Tactics used by “Robber Barons” like Rockefeller and Carnegie

Answer 10

Rockefeller and other “Robber Barons” created trusts where smaller businesses “joined” the larger corporation and earned a portion of the company’s profits; they would force competitors out with crazy-low prices; horizontal integration

Question 11

Rise of unions and unionism… successes and failures

Answer 11

fought for and won 10-hour work day, wage increases over 20%, etc. and union membership soared; government often supported the company and broke up strikes, hurting the power of unions (Homestead/Pullman strikes); tactics - strike, picketing/boycotting, work stoppage or slowdown, collective bargaining

Question 12

Capitalism vs. Socialism

Answer 12

capitalism is based on individual initiative and favors market mechanisms over government intervention, while socialism is based on government planning and limitations on private control of resources

Question 13

Waves of immigration

Answer 13

from 1890 to 1920 millions of immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe, Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia because many people wanted to escape religious persecution; from the west coast immigrants came from China and Japan because they seeked fortunes from the discovery of gold and higher working wages; push factors include lack of social mobility, poverty, violence, and persecution, and pull factors include education, good weather, job opportunities, and cultural attraction

Question 14

Americanization movement

Answer 14

the main goal of the Americanization movement was to assimilate people of wide-ranging cultures into the dominant culture; a melting pot is a mixture of people of different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native languages and customs; nativism is overt favoritism toward native-born Americans

Question 15

Effects of massive immig.

Answer 15

mechanization allowed manufacturers to replace skilled craftspeople with cheaper unskilled immigrant labor performing simplified tasks; city officials dealt with issues of housing, transportation, water, sanitation, crime, and fire; some native-born Americans associated their own low wages and unemployment problems with immigrants, and accused the foreign-born population of creating poverty, crime and civil unrest

Question 16

Angel Island & Ellis Island

Answer 16

Angel Island was an immigration station in San Francisco Bay for Asians arriving on the West Coast - the immigration process consisted of harsh questioning, filthy buildings, and long detentions; Ellis Island was an immigration station in New York Harbor for European immigrants arriving on the East Coast - the immigration process consisted of 5 or more hours of physical examinations, document inspections, and questioning

Question 17

Political machines

Answer 17

a political machine was an organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city; immigrant voters could receive services or favors, such as civil service jobs, in exchange for political support

Question 18

Robert La Follette

Answer 18

Robert La Follette was a progressive Republican governor who led the way in regulating big business; La Follette’s main focus was the railroad industry, and he taxed railroad property at the same rate as other business property, set up a commission to regulate rates, and forbade railroads to issue free passes to state officials

Question 19

Susan B. Anthony

Answer 19

Susan B. Anthony was a leading proponent of woman suffrage during the Progressive era; Anthony co-founded the National Women Suffrage Association (NWSA) with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, which united with another group in 1890 to become the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Question 20

Teddy Roosevelt

Answer 20

Teddy Roosevelt is the 26th President of the United States who was best known for the “Square Deal,” breaking of trusts, pure food and drugs, and railroad regulation; Roosevelt was the primary leader of the progressive movement and led Congress and the public toward progressive reforms

Question 21

16th Amendment

Answer 21

the 16th Amendment legalized a graduated federal income tax; this graduated tax provided revenue by taxing individual earnings and corporate profits

Question 22

17th Amendment

Answer 22

the 17th Amendment is an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1913, that provides for the election of U.S. senators by the people rather than by state legislatures; the amendment ensured that less power went to party bosses and wealthy corporations and instead gave the people a more active role in government

Question 23

18th Amendment

Answer 23

the Eighteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution established the prohibition of alcohol in the United States

Question 24

19th Amendment

Answer 24

granted American women the right to vote, a right known as women’s suffrage

Question 25

Pure Food and Drug Act

Answer 25

the Pure Food and Drug Act was a 1906 act that halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling; the Pure Food and Drug Act did not ban harmful products, but made accurate labels public knowledge

Question 26

Meat Inspection Act

Answer 26

prohibited the sale of adulterated or misbranded livestock and derived products as food and ensured sanitary slaughtering and processing of livestock

Question 27

Environmental conservation

Answer 27

worked to set aside land either as undeveloped wilderness for its aesthetic values, or to maintain resources like forests for future use by humans; Roosevelt used his authority to establish 150 national forests, 51 federal bird reserves, four national game preserves, five national parks and 18 national monuments on over 230 million acres of public land

Question 28

Voting rights/changes

Answer 28

our society became more democratic for citizens of states as citizens could make initiatives, referendums, and recalls for the government; the creation of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1912 also made direct election of senators lawful

Question 29

Regulation of big business

Answer 29

our society became more equitable for the masses of people through government regulation of trusts as the Roosevelt administration filed 44 antitrust suits, winning a number of them and breaking up some of the trusts, and as Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act, the Elkins Act, and The Hepburn Act of 1906; society became more democratic as a result of muckrakers as they exposed problems of political corruption, child labor, and worker exploitation and became a voice for citizens with little influence

Question 30

Muckrakers

Answer 30

muckrakers were journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life in mass circulation magazines during the early 20th century; the work of muckrakers influenced the Progressive era by strengthening worker and consumer protection; muckrakers were able to publicize the corrupt side of business and public life in mass circulation magazines during the Progressive Era

Question 31

Reasons for imperialism

Answer 31

3 reasons or factors that encouraged American imperialism were economic, military, and ideological. Economically, there was a desire for new markets and new materials. Militarily, there was a desire for naval bases and coaling stations. Ideologically, there was a desire to bring Christianity, Western style culture, and democracy to other people

Question 32

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

Answer 32

the Roosevelt Corollary was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine that stated that the United States would now use force to protect its economic interests in Latin America; the Roosevelt Corollary was used in the Dominican Republic as grounds for imperialism

Question 33

Spanish-American War

Answer 33

the Spanish-American War was fought in the Philippines and the Caribbean; the 3 major causes of the Spanish-American War were yellow journalism, the De Lôme Letter, and the explosion of the U.S.S. Maine; yellow journalism, a sensational writing style of exaggerated news intended to lure readers, publicized “Butcher” Weyler’s brutality and sketches of reporters’ stories that deepened American sympathy for Cuban; the publication of the De Lôme Letter caused Americans to become angry over Spanish minister Enrique Dupuy de Lôme’s private insult to their president; he explosion of the U.S.S. Maine occurred on February 15, 1898, when the ship blew up in the harbor of Havana and more than 260 men died

Question 34

Open Door Policy

Answer 34

American investors saw new opportunities for large-scale railroad construction with China’s vast potential market for American products; France, Germany, Britain, Japan, and Russia had carved out spheres of influence, and the U.S became fearful that American traders would be shut out of special rights and economic privileges; the Open Door Policy proposed that the nations share their trading rights with the United States, ridding monopoly on trade with any part of China

Question 35

Hawaii annexation

Answer 35

economic and military factors led to the annexation of Hawaii in 1898; American planters in Hawaii wanted the United States to annex the islands so that the duty-free status of Hawaiian sugar would be restored; U.S. military and economic leaders understood the value of the islands and pressured Hawaii to allow the installation of a naval base at Pearl Harbor, the kingdom’s best port

Question 36

Panama Canal

Answer 36

the U.S. wished to attain a strong influence in Puerto Rico because it was strategically important to the United States, both for maintaining U.S. presence in the Caribbean and for protecting the future Panama Canal

Question 37

Causes of WWI

Answer 37

militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism

Question 38

Basic story

Answer 38

early 1900’s Europe’s major powers had large armies and conflicting goals; World War I began on July 28, 1914, when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia; greater world powers were drawn into the war largely because of treaties that obligated them to defend certain nations

Question 39

Major ‘players’

Answer 39

Central Powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria (GAOB) and Allied Powers were UK, France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and USA (UFRIJU)

Question 40

U.S. involvement… why did we join?

Answer 40

Zimmerman telegram, sunken U.S. ships, England and France ask for military assistance, U.S. banks fear not getting paid back

Question 41

Home front

Answer 41

contributed to the Great Migration of blacks to Northern cities; most blacks worked as laborers in SOS units, brought over one million women into the workforce doing “men’s work” on railroads/coal mines/ship building; women served in the Army in noncombat cooking, and medical roles; resulted in the passage of the 19th amendment

Question 42

Espionage and Sedition Acts

Answer 42

made it illegal to interfere with the war or say anything disloyal about the war effort; over 2,000 citizens were prosecuted including newspaper editors, anarchists, Socialists, union leaders, and critics

Question 43

Propaganda

Answer 43

mobilized support for the war effort, summoned donations to charities, encouraged participation in war bonds, and publicized victories in notable battles to the public

Question 44

Treaty of Versailles

Answer 44

one of the most important treaties of World War I, it ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers; the 14 Points was a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I by President Woodrow Wilson; League of Nations, an organization for international cooperation, was established on January 10, 1920, at the initiative of the victorious Allied powers at the end of World War I

Question 45

Sacco and Vanzetti

Answer 45

Sacco and Vanzetti were victims of nativism because the nativist attitude of the Red Scare caused the two Italian immigrants and anarchists to be arrested and charged with robbery and murder; Sacco and Vanzetti asserted their innocence and provided alibis, the evidence against them was circumstantial, and the presiding judge made prejudicial remarks, but the jury pronounced them guilty and sentenced them to death by electric chair

Question 46

The rise of the KKK

Answer 46

the Ku Klux Klan was a group that was devoted to complete Americanism; the KKK believed in destroying saloons, opposing unions, and driving other religions and foreign-born people out of the country

Question 47

Anti-immigration policies

Answer 47

Congress made changes in immigration laws because of anti-immigrant attitudes, few unskilled jobs, and racist ideas; “Keep America for Americans” became the prevailing attitude in the United States; nativists believed that immigrants should not be allowed to “steal” the few unskilled jobs available and that some people involved in postwar labor disputes were immigrant anarchists, socialists, or communists

Question 48

Quota system

Answer 48

the quota system established the maximum number of people who could enter the U.S. from each foreign country; the Congress decided to set up a quota system and limit immigration from certain countries because of nativist pressure

Question 49

Scopes trial

Answer 49

the Scopes Trial was a fight over evolution and the role of science and religion in schools and society; the Scopes Trial was initiated by the ACLU and Clarence Darrow to challenge the law that outlawed the teaching of evolution

Question 50

Red Scare

Answer 50

communism is an economic and political system based on a single-party government ruled by a dictatorship; a Communist Party in the U.S. formed and sent several bombs to government and business leaders in a time that became known as the “Red Scare”

Question 51

Harlem Renaissance

Answer 51

the Harlem Renaissance encouraged African Americans to learn about Af-Amer. contributions/history. They gained pride through enlightenment, which would then lead to resistance and oppression

Question 52

Rise of spectator sports

Answer 52

large numbers of Americans began to pay money to watch other people compete in athletic contests; baseball was the “national pastime” in the 1920s

Question 53

Impact of transportation

Answer 53

trains and ocean liners were the dominant mass transportation methods, providing comfortable, reliable transport to millions of American vacationers; captured the imagination of the public and reduced travel times

Question 54

Radio and movies

Answer 54

brought the culture of the city out to people in the country; education shaped a mass culture through newspapers, magazines, and radios

Question 55

Women’s empowerment

Answer 55

the decade kicked off with passage of the 19th Amendment, which gave white women the ability to vote; women also joined the workforce in increasing numbers, participated actively in the nation’s new mass consumer culture, and enjoyed more freedom in their personal lives

Question 56

Consumerism

Answer 56

the 1920s led to new patterns of consumption, or purchasing consumer goods like radios, cars, vacuums, beauty products or clothing; the expansion of credit in the 1920s allowed for the sale of more consumer goods and put automobiles within reach of average Americans

Question 57

Urban sprawl

Answer 57

urban sprawl resulted with the invention of the automobile, as it allowed workers to live miles from their jobs as cities spread in different directions

Question 58

Prohibition and organized crime

Answer 58

prohibition was an era during which the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol was legally prohibited in the United States; Al Capone was a notorious criminal who acquired over $60 million a year by killing his competition in the Chicago liquor business; prohibition was supposed to solve the negative effects of alcohol on American society, such as crime, wife and child abuse, and accidents on the job but caused more problems than it solved with the development of disrespect for the law, increased smuggling and bootlegging, a source of income for criminals, and the growth of organized crime

Question 59

Pro-business

Answer 59

the laissez-faire approach dominated the 1920s; the businessman would now be embraced and respected by both government leaders and ordinary people for his management skills, his wisdom, and most of all his ability to make astounding quantities of money

Question 60

Anti-communist/anti-union

Answer 60

the Russian Revolution caused “The Red Scare,” in America; In 1919, revolutionaries in Russia overthrew the czarist regime and cried out for a worldwide revolution that would abolish capitalism; a Communist Party in the United States mailed bombs to government and business leaders, and the public grew fearful that the Communists were taking over; throughout the 1920s, courts regularly issued injunctions against striking, picketing and other union activities and succeeded in decreasing union membership

Question 61

Political scandals

Answer 61

the Teapot Dome scandal was committed by Albert Fall, a member of the Ohio Gang appointed by President Warren G. Harding; Fall sold oil-rich reserves to his friends for money, pocketing over 400,000 dollars from the sale, and illegally moved protected Wyoming land into his control to sell to his friends who owned oil companies

Question 62

Causes of the G.D.

Answer 62

3 general causes of the Great Depression are tariffs and war debt policies that cut down the foreign market for American goods, a crisis in the farm sector, the availability of easy credit, and an unequal distribution of income

Question 63

Impact on people

Answer 63

2 major economic problems during the 1920’s were income gap and farming; 2 economic problems for American consumers were living on credit and income gap; 2 problems for city dwellers were homelessness and starvation; several hardships American women faced during the Great Depression were budget management, low wages, discrimination, and starvation

Question 64

Hoover and his philosophies

Answer 64

Herbert Hoover was the 31st President of the United States who believed in minimal government interference and “Rugged Individualism” and held the responsibility of repairing the nation during the Great Depression; President Hoover believed in limited government intervention and the philosophy of “Rugged Individualism,” which led him to oppose to all forms of direct relief for citizens. Instead, he believed that charities should generate contributions to help the needy

Question 65

FDR

Answer 65

Franklin Delano Roosevelt was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945

Question 66

New Deal

Answer 66

the New Deal was a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1939

Question 67

Programs

Answer 67

the CCC, or Civilian Conservation Corps, put young men ages 18-25 to work building roads, developing parks, planting trees, and helping in soil-erosion and flood-control projects; the NIRA provided money to states to create jobs chiefly in the construction of schools and other community buildings; the FDIC, or the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, was a program established under the New Deal that regulated banking and investment activities; the TVA, or the Tennessee Valley Authority, harnessed water power to generate electricity and to help prevent disastrous floods in the Tennessee Valley

Question 68

Bank Holiday

Answer 68

one of FDR’s first duties as president was the shut down of banks all over the country, also known as the “bank holiday,” in which he authorized the rebuilding and stabilization of the American banking system

Question 69

Overall impact and legacy

Answer 69

the New Deal provided Americans with economic security that they had never known before; the New Deal legacies include unemployment insurance, old age insurance, and insured bank deposits