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Final Sec 3 Flashcards

1
Q

________ is the study of genes in an organism

A

Genomics

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2
Q

_______ atom is the most prominent in biological molecules

A

Carbon

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3
Q

Central dogma of life summarizes the directional flow of information in cells, what is it?

A

DNA ->(transcription) RNA ->(translation) Protein

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4
Q

The term amphipathic refers to those molecules that are ___________ at one end and ___________ at the other end

A

polar (hydrophilic)
nonpolar (hydrophobic)

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5
Q

Macromolecules are synthesized by the _______ addition of _________

A

stepwise
monomers

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6
Q

All amino acids contain these basic characteristics: ________, ________, _________

A

carboxyl
R-group
amine

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7
Q

_________ bonding is important in protein folding into secondary structures

A

Hydrogen

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8
Q

The two strands of DNA are held together by……

A

hydrogen bonds

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9
Q

RNA and DNA differ in ______/_______ and _______/______

A

sugar/ribose
uracil/base

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10
Q

Polysaccharide is a macromolecule, the type of bonding involved in its synthesis is called _______ _______

A

glycosidic linkage

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11
Q

Glycolipids are usually found where?

A

The outer layer of plasma membrane

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12
Q

Enzymes facilitate a reaction by….

A

lowering activation energy barrier

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13
Q

The type of inhibitor that binds to the enzyme active site is a ________ behavior

A

competitive

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14
Q

A small molecule binds to an enzyme and increases it activity. Binding of the small molecule occurs outside of the enzyme active site. How will you describe this regulation process?

A

Allosteric activation

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15
Q

________ is a membrane-bound organelle that contains its own DNA distinct from that found in the nucleus

A

Mitochondria

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16
Q

Glycosylation of proteins occur in the _______ and ________ organelles

A

ER
Golgi apparatus

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17
Q

The composition of lipids in the outer and inner monolayers of cell membrane lipid bilayers are…..

A

asymmetrical

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18
Q

The most prominent lipids in animal cell membranes are……

A

phospholipids

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19
Q

Protein found embedded into membranes associate with a lipid bilayer through their __________ segment

A

transmembrane

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20
Q

Name one fluorescence based method that is used to measure the mobility of proteins and lipids on membranes.

A

FRAP

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21
Q

Facilitated Diffusion of a molecule requires……

A

a carrier protein

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22
Q

In active transport a molecule is transported…..

A

against the concentration gradient

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23
Q

_________ _______/ ________ is a lipophilic primary message that crosses the plasma membrane and interacts with a cytosolic receptor

A

Steroid hormone/ estrogen

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24
Q

Plasma membrane permeability of _____ ions is most important in generating the resting membrane potential

A

K+

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25
Stimulation of different types of cells in the body by a neuron is defined by....
action potential
26
______/ _______. _______ drug interferes with the reuptake of neurotransmitters
Antagonists/ reuptake inhibitor
27
If two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane, permeable to the water but not the solutes, the water will move toward the region of higher solute concentration. This movement is called......
osmosis
28
Kinases are enzymes that ________ a protein
phosphorylate
29
The low level of cytosolic calcium ions in unactivated cells is established by......
Ca+ dependent ATPases
30
Comparing cells synthesizing secretory proteins and cells secreting steroid hormones, the cells synthesizing the steroid hormones have _____________, why?
more smooth ER Smooth ER synthesizes lipids, which hormones are
31
_________ molecules forms the coat during receptor-mediated endocytosis-coated pit formation
Clatharin
32
The continuous release of mucus by the epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract is an example of.....
constitutive secretion
33
The vesicles that are anchored to the plasma membrane at a nerve cell presynaptic site are specialized for......
polar secretion
34
The low pH of lysosomes is established by the.......
H+/ proton pump
35
Tubulin may assemble onto one end while disassembling from the other end of the same microtubule simultaneously in a process known as....
treadmilling
36
Dynamic assembly and disassembly of a cytoplasmic microtubule in a cell occurs primarily at its plus end, because its minus end is usually anchored to....
the MTOC
37
The axonemal microtubules are anchored to the.....
basal body
38
Activation of _____ is associated with the formation of stress fibers
Rho
39
The role of Dynactin is to....
link cargo to dynein
40
Range of transport is generally ______ for Kinesins, and ______ for Myosins, while forces exerted are similar?
longer shorter
41
Each muscle fiber contains numerous myofibrils, each of which is divided along its length into repeating units called......
sarcomeres
42
_____ ________ are crucial for movement of cilia and flagella, appendages involved in cellular movement. What is the motor protein involved is called?
Axonemal microtubules Dynein
43
Motor proteins convert.....
chemical energy to mechanical energy
44
Proteins destined for the nucleus have a stretch of amino acids called ____, which is recognized by _________ to mediate its nuclear import
NLS importins
45
In the Ran/importin pathway, _____ provides the energy for transport of proteins into the nucleus.
GTP
46
________ are sites for ribosome biosynthesis
Nucleolus
47
The 5′ end of a DNA molecule can be chemically distinguished from the 3′ end because there is a(n) _______ group at the 5′ end and a(n) ____ group at the 3′ end
phosphate OH
48
DNA synthesis proceeds from the __’ direction, and the two strands of DNA are synthesized in __________ fashion.
5' discontinuous
49
Primase is a type of a ____ _______ that synthesizes short stretches of _____ ______/ _______ to facilitate DNA synthesis.
RNA polymerase RNA fragments/ primers
50
A set of DNA sequences called _________ is required for RNA-Polymerase to bind and initiate RNA synthesis, while another set of DNA _______ __ ________is associated with DNA-replication
Promoter Origin of replication
51
A nucleosome is formed by ___ and _______
DNA histones
52
Transcription is a process in which _____ is synthesized and Translation is a process in which ______ is synthesized
RNA protein
53
____ ________ is an enzyme required for transcription and ________ is a ribonucleoprotein complex required for translation
RNA polymerase ribosome
54
The proteins that assist and/or facilitate RNA synthesis in eukaryotes are called......
transcription factors
55
Consider the following double-stranded DNA sequence that codes for a short polypeptide. 5′-A-T-G-T-G-G-C-C-A-C-T-A-T-A-A-T-C-A-3′ 3′-T-A-C-A-C-C-G-G-T-G-A-T-A-T-T-A-C-T-5′ ____ strand is the coding strand, and the N-terminal end of the resulting peptide is located to the _____
top right
56
In bacteria, translation can _____ before the completion of ________
begin transcription
57
In eukaryotes, the mechanism of _____ _______ is associated with the production of multiple mRNAs from a single gene
alternative splicing
58
During initiation of translation in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, the _____ binds before the _____ ________
small large subunit
59
______ ________ is an enzyme associated with the formation of peptide bonds
Peptidyl transferase
60
Protein phosphorylation, protein folding, and proteolytic cleavage are all examples of......
post-translation modification
61
In eukaryotic initiation, one will often see the sequence ACCAUGG as a translational start sequence. This sequence is known as the _____ sequence
Kozak
62
5' capping and 3' polyadenylation of mRNA in eukaryotes serves to....
increase stability
63
Precursor mRNAs contain _____ and ______
exons introns
64
________ of _______ is a post-translational modification that act as activation signals and drives cell-cycle
Phosphorylation Cyclins
65
The process of programmed cell death is called....
apoptosis
66
_____ protein is called the guardian of the genome and plays a central role in checkpoint pathways
P-53
67
Cells with one set of chromosomes are called _____ and two sets of chromosomes are called ______
haploid diploid
68
_______ is called the reduction division because it reduces the ______ number from diploid to haploid
Meiosis 1 chromosome
69
_______ step of meiosis resembles mitotic cell division
Meiosis 2
70
Exonuclease activity is distinct from endonuclease activity, in that exonuclease needs a _____ of DNA
free end
71
Light-dependent repair uses an enzyme called....
photolyase
72
Homologous recombination is used to correct.....
DNA double strand breaks
73
Cross-over of DNA is homologous recombination results in......
crossover or holliday junction
74
Non-homologous end joining repair is....
error prone
75
Ku70 and Ku80 proteins detect....
DNA double stranded breaks
76
__-phase the cells replicate DNA
S
77
In prophase centrosomes are destined to form....
mitotic spindle
78
In metaphase, the chromosomes are fully condensed and aligned at the....
metaphase plate
79
_____ divides the cytoplasm into 2 cells
cytokinesis

Cell S&F (4 decks)

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