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Cell S&F > Final Sec 3 > Flashcards

Final Sec 3 Flashcards

1
Q

________ is the study of genes in an organism

A

Genomics

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2
Q

_______ atom is the most prominent in biological molecules

A

Carbon

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3
Q

Central dogma of life summarizes the directional flow of information in cells, what is it?

A

DNA ->(transcription) RNA ->(translation) Protein

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4
Q

The term amphipathic refers to those molecules that are ___________ at one end and ___________ at the other end

A

polar (hydrophilic)
nonpolar (hydrophobic)

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5
Q

Macromolecules are synthesized by the _______ addition of _________

A

stepwise
monomers

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6
Q

All amino acids contain these basic characteristics: ________, ________, _________

A

carboxyl
R-group
amine

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7
Q

_________ bonding is important in protein folding into secondary structures

A

Hydrogen

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8
Q

The two strands of DNA are held together by……

A

hydrogen bonds

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9
Q

RNA and DNA differ in ______/_______ and _______/______

A

sugar/ribose
uracil/base

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10
Q

Polysaccharide is a macromolecule, the type of bonding involved in its synthesis is called _______ _______

A

glycosidic linkage

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11
Q

Glycolipids are usually found where?

A

The outer layer of plasma membrane

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12
Q

Enzymes facilitate a reaction by….

A

lowering activation energy barrier

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13
Q

The type of inhibitor that binds to the enzyme active site is a ________ behavior

A

competitive

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14
Q

A small molecule binds to an enzyme and increases it activity. Binding of the small molecule occurs outside of the enzyme active site. How will you describe this regulation process?

A

Allosteric activation

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15
Q

________ is a membrane-bound organelle that contains its own DNA distinct from that found in the nucleus

A

Mitochondria

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16
Q

Glycosylation of proteins occur in the _______ and ________ organelles

A

ER
Golgi apparatus

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17
Q

The composition of lipids in the outer and inner monolayers of cell membrane lipid bilayers are…..

A

asymmetrical

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18
Q

The most prominent lipids in animal cell membranes are……

A

phospholipids

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19
Q

Protein found embedded into membranes associate with a lipid bilayer through their __________ segment

A

transmembrane

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20
Q

Name one fluorescence based method that is used to measure the mobility of proteins and lipids on membranes.

A

FRAP

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21
Q

Facilitated Diffusion of a molecule requires……

A

a carrier protein

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22
Q

In active transport a molecule is transported…..

A

against the concentration gradient

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23
Q

_________ _______/ ________ is a lipophilic primary message that crosses the plasma membrane and interacts with a cytosolic receptor

A

Steroid hormone/ estrogen

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24
Q

Plasma membrane permeability of _____ ions is most important in generating the resting membrane potential

A

K+

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25
Q

Stimulation of different types of cells in the body by a neuron is defined by….

A

action potential

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26
Q

______/ _______. _______ drug interferes with the reuptake of neurotransmitters

A

Antagonists/ reuptake inhibitor

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27
Q

If two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane, permeable to the water but not the solutes, the water will move toward the region of higher solute concentration. This movement is called……

A

osmosis

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28
Q

Kinases are enzymes that ________ a protein

A

phosphorylate

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29
Q

The low level of cytosolic calcium ions in unactivated cells is established by……

A

Ca+ dependent ATPases

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30
Q

Comparing cells synthesizing secretory proteins and cells secreting steroid hormones, the cells synthesizing the steroid hormones have _____________, why?

A

more smooth ER
Smooth ER synthesizes lipids, which hormones are

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31
Q

_________ molecules forms the coat during receptor-mediated endocytosis-coated pit formation

A

Clatharin

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32
Q

The continuous release of mucus by the epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract is an example of…..

A

constitutive secretion

33
Q

The vesicles that are anchored to the plasma membrane at a nerve cell presynaptic site are specialized for……

A

polar secretion

34
Q

The low pH of lysosomes is established by the…….

A

H+/ proton pump

35
Q

Tubulin may assemble onto one end while disassembling from the other end of the same microtubule simultaneously in a process known as….

A

treadmilling

36
Q

Dynamic assembly and disassembly of a cytoplasmic microtubule in a cell occurs primarily at its plus end, because its minus end is usually anchored to….

A

the MTOC

37
Q

The axonemal microtubules are anchored to the…..

A

basal body

38
Q

Activation of _____ is associated with the formation of stress fibers

A

Rho

39
Q

The role of Dynactin is to….

A

link cargo to dynein

40
Q

Range of transport is generally ______ for Kinesins, and ______ for Myosins, while forces exerted are similar?

A

longer
shorter

41
Q

Each muscle fiber contains numerous myofibrils, each of which is divided along its length into repeating units called……

A

sarcomeres

42
Q

_____ ________ are crucial for movement of cilia and flagella, appendages involved in cellular movement. What is the motor protein involved is called?

A

Axonemal microtubules
Dynein

43
Q

Motor proteins convert…..

A

chemical energy to mechanical energy

44
Q

Proteins destined for the nucleus have a stretch of amino acids called ____, which is recognized by _________ to mediate its nuclear import

A

NLS
importins

45
Q

In the Ran/importin pathway, _____ provides the energy for transport of proteins into the nucleus.

A

GTP

46
Q

________ are sites for ribosome biosynthesis

A

Nucleolus

47
Q

The 5′ end of a DNA molecule can be chemically distinguished from the 3′ end because there is a(n) _______ group at the 5′ end and a(n) ____ group at the 3′ end

A

phosphate
OH

48
Q

DNA synthesis proceeds from the __’ direction, and the two strands of DNA are synthesized in __________ fashion.

A

5’
discontinuous

49
Q

Primase is a type of a ____ _______ that synthesizes short stretches of _____ ______/ _______ to facilitate DNA synthesis.

A

RNA polymerase
RNA fragments/ primers

50
Q

A set of DNA sequences called _________ is required for RNA-Polymerase to bind and initiate RNA synthesis, while another set of DNA _______ __ ________is associated with DNA-replication

A

Promoter
Origin of replication

51
Q

A nucleosome is formed by ___ and _______

A

DNA
histones

52
Q

Transcription is a process in which _____ is synthesized and Translation is a process in which ______ is synthesized

A

RNA
protein

53
Q

____ ________ is an enzyme required for transcription and ________ is a ribonucleoprotein complex required for translation

A

RNA polymerase
ribosome

54
Q

The proteins that assist and/or facilitate RNA synthesis in eukaryotes are called……

A

transcription factors

55
Q

Consider the following double-stranded DNA sequence that codes for a short polypeptide.
5′-A-T-G-T-G-G-C-C-A-C-T-A-T-A-A-T-C-A-3′
3′-T-A-C-A-C-C-G-G-T-G-A-T-A-T-T-A-C-T-5′

____ strand is the coding strand, and the N-terminal end of the resulting peptide is located to the _____

A

top
right

56
Q

In bacteria, translation can _____ before the completion of ________

A

begin
transcription

57
Q

In eukaryotes, the mechanism of _____ _______ is associated with the production of multiple mRNAs from a single gene

A

alternative splicing

58
Q

During initiation of translation in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, the _____ binds before the _____ ________

A

small
large subunit

59
Q

______ ________ is an enzyme associated with the formation of peptide bonds

A

Peptidyl transferase

60
Q

Protein phosphorylation, protein folding, and proteolytic cleavage are all examples of……

A

post-translation modification

61
Q

In eukaryotic initiation, one will often see the sequence ACCAUGG as a translational start sequence. This sequence is known as the _____ sequence

A

Kozak

62
Q

5’ capping and 3’ polyadenylation of mRNA in eukaryotes serves to….

A

increase stability

63
Q

Precursor mRNAs contain _____ and ______

A

exons
introns

64
Q

________ of _______ is a post-translational modification that act as activation signals and drives cell-cycle

A

Phosphorylation
Cyclins

65
Q

The process of programmed cell death is called….

A

apoptosis

66
Q

_____ protein is called the guardian of the genome and plays a central role in checkpoint pathways

A

P-53

67
Q

Cells with one set of chromosomes are called _____ and two sets of chromosomes are called ______

A

haploid
diploid

68
Q

_______ is called the reduction division because it reduces the ______ number from diploid to haploid

A

Meiosis 1
chromosome

69
Q

_______ step of meiosis resembles mitotic cell division

A

Meiosis 2

70
Q

Exonuclease activity is distinct from endonuclease activity, in that exonuclease needs a _____ of DNA

A

free end

71
Q

Light-dependent repair uses an enzyme called….

A

photolyase

72
Q

Homologous recombination is used to correct…..

A

DNA double strand breaks

73
Q

Cross-over of DNA is homologous recombination results in……

A

crossover or holliday junction

74
Q

Non-homologous end joining repair is….

A

error prone

75
Q

Ku70 and Ku80 proteins detect….

A

DNA double stranded breaks

76
Q

__-phase the cells replicate DNA

A

S

77
Q

In prophase centrosomes are destined to form….

A

mitotic spindle

78
Q

In metaphase, the chromosomes are fully condensed and aligned at the….

A

metaphase plate

79
Q

_____ divides the cytoplasm into 2 cells

A

cytokinesis

Cell S&F (4 decks)

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