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LS7B > FINAL revision > Flashcards

FINAL revision Flashcards

1
Q

Independent Assortment

A

when genes segregate independently from each other

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2
Q

Epistasis

A

Genes that modify the phenotypic expression of others

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3
Q

Addition Rule

A

mutually exclusive outcomes

“either, or”

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4
Q

Multiplication rule

A

outcomes that can occur simultaneously, and the occurance of one has no effect on the likelihood of the other

“yellow and wrinkled”

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5
Q

Dominant

A

Trait that can be seen

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6
Q

Recessive

A

Trait that can’t be seen

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7
Q

Alleles

A

Different forms of a gene

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8
Q

Genotype

A

the particular combination of alleles present in an individual

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9
Q

Phenotype

A

the expression of the trait as described by the genotype

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10
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

phenotype of heterozygous genotype is intermediate

eg red x white –> white

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11
Q

Meiosis I

A

homologous chromosomes separate form each other

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12
Q

Meiosis II

A

sister chromatids separate

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13
Q

Prophase

A

chromosomes condense

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14
Q

Prometaphase

A

spindles attach to kinetochores

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15
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes/chromatids align in the center

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16
Q

Anaphase

A

separation of chromosome/chromatids

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17
Q

X-linked genes

A

genes located along the X chromosome

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18
Q

Autosomal gene

A

affects males and females the same way

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19
Q

y-linked genes

A

genes that are present in the unique region of the Y chromosome

only males affected

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20
Q

Frequency of recombination

A

a measure of genetic distance between the genes

max=50%

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21
Q

Nondisjunction

A

the failure of a pair of chromosomes to separate during anaphase

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22
Q

First Division Nondisjunction

A

2 gametes with extra chromosomes; 2 gametes with missing chromosomes

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23
Q

Second Division Nondisjunction

A

2 normal gametes; 1 gamete with extra chromosome; 1 gamete with missing chromosome

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24
Q

Unbalanced Translocation

A

only part of a reciprocal translocation is inherited from one of the parents

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25
Q

Haplotype

A

Unique combination of nucleotides

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26
Q

Heritability

A

the proportion of the total variation in the trait that is due to genetic differences

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27
Q

Regression toward the Mean

A

offspring exhibit an average phenotype that is closer to the population mean than the phenotype of the parents

  • environmental effects
  • segregation and recombination break up genes of extreme phenotypes
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28
Q

Environmental Risk Factor

A

a characteristic in a person’s surroundings that increases the likelihood of developing a particular disease

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29
Q

Complex Traits

A

quantitative traits, affected by many genes

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30
Q

Short Term Carbon Cycle

A

marine/terrestrial photosynthesis and respiration

  • photosynthesis is seasonal –> higher rates in summer, lower in winter
  • follows trend in Northern Hemisphere
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31
Q

Long Term Carbon Cycle

A

Fossil fuels–> moves carbon from long-term to short-term cycle

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32
Q

Fluxes

A

The rate that carbon moves between reservoirs

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33
Q

Gene Pool

A

all the alleles present in all individuals in a species

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34
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

interactions between same sex

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35
Q

Intersexual

A

interactions between females and males

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36
Q

Genetic Drift

A

the random change in allele frequencies from generation to generation

  • if population is small, genetic drift is large
37
Q

Non-random mating

(effect on phenotype and alleles)

A

preferential mating according to genotypes

  • phenotypes increase/decrease
  • allele frequencies don’t change
38
Q

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

A

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

when evolution doesn’t occur, allele and genotype frequencies don’t change

39
Q

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium Conditions

A
  1. No natural selection
  2. No migration / immigration
  3. No mutations
  4. Random mating
  5. Sufficiently large population to prevent sampling errors
40
Q

Morphospecies

A

members of the same species usually look alike/ have similar DNA sequences

41
Q

Ring Species

A

species with populations that are reproductively but not genetically isolated

42
Q

Types of Reproductive Isolation

A

pre-zygotic

behavioral

gametic

mechanical

temporal/geography

post-zygotic

genetic incompatibility

43
Q

Speciation

A

the development of reproductive isolation between populations

44
Q

Allopatric populations

A

geographically separated populations

45
Q

Dispersal

A

when individuals colonise a distant place

46
Q

Vicariance

A

when a geographical barrier arises within a single population

47
Q

Sympatric Populations

A

populations in same geographic location

  • natural selection must strongly counteract the homogenising effect of gene flow
48
Q

Co-speciation

A

when 2 groups of organisms speciate in response to each other at the same time

49
Q

Monophyletic

A

all members share a single common ancestor not shared with any other species

50
Q

Paraphyletic

A

some, bu not all of the descendants of a common ancestor

(two ‘cuts’ on the tree)

51
Q

Polyphyletic

A

groupings that don’t include the last common ancestor of all members

52
Q

Synapomorphies

A

evolutionary innovations that are shared by some members of a group

53
Q

Analogous

A

similarities due to independent adaptation by different species (as opposed to homologous)

–> result of convergent evolution

54
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

the process whereby organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches.

55
Q

Sister Groups

A

groups that are more closely related to each other than either of them is to any other group

56
Q

Ectomycorrhizal Fungi

A

surround root cells

57
Q

Endomycorrhizal Fungi

A

penetrates root cells

58
Q

Cephalisation

A

concentration of nervous system at one end of the body

  • bilaterians
  • to encounter things in environment
59
Q

Abiotic

A

organisms tend to be adapted to a specific range of physical conditions

60
Q

Biotic

A

Interactions with other organisms

61
Q

Interspecific competition

A

competition for resources between individuals from different species

62
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

when individuals within a population compete for resources –> natural selection

63
Q

r-strategists

A

organisms that produce large number of offspring without a lot of parental investment

64
Q

k-strategists

A

organisms that produce few offspring but put in a lot of parental investment

65
Q

Density-Dependent Factors

A

factors such as resource availability, predation, diseases etc

66
Q

Density-Independent Factors

A

factors that influence population size without regard for population density eg drought, temperature, flood

67
Q

Survivorshipt

A

the proportion of individuals from the initial cohort that survive to each successive stage of a life cycle

68
Q

Type I

A

mortality occurs late in life

69
Q

Type II

A

mortality is even throughout life

70
Q

Type III

A

mortality is concentrated early in life

71
Q

Metapopulation

A

a large population made up of smaller populations linkd by occasional movements of individuals between them

72
Q

Facilitation

A

indirect interaction between 2 attacking species that benefits them both

73
Q

Keystone Species

A

pivotal populations that support a community

74
Q

Disturbances

A

severe physical impacts on habitats have effects on density independent populations

75
Q

Succession

A

the process of species replacing each other in time

76
Q

Symbiosis

A

close interactions between species that have evolved over long periods of time –> increases interdependence

77
Q

Obligate

A

when one/both sides of a mutualism can’t survive without the other

78
Q

Facultative

A

when one/both participants can survive without the other

–> reinforced by natural selection into obligate

79
Q

Commensalism

A

one partner benefits with no apparent effect on the other

80
Q

Fundamental Niche

A

the full range of climate conditions / food resources that permits the individuals in the species to live

  • where species could live
81
Q

Realised Niche

A

the actual range of habitats based on interactions with other species

–> the space species actually occupy

82
Q

Competitive Exclusion

A

competition between 2 species prevents one from occupying a particular niche

–> leads to resource partitioning

83
Q

Trophic levels

A

Tertiary consumer - 4

Secondary consumer - 3

Primary consumer - 2

Primary producer - 1

84
Q

Endemic Species

A

species found in one place and nowhere else

85
Q

Invasive Species

A

non-native species that become established in new ecosystems

86
Q

Latitudinal diversity gradient

A

species diversity highest around equator, declines toward poles

–> spcies at high latitudes are adapted to a greater range of conditions

87
Q

Movement of air

A

Hot air rises –> cools –> generates rainfall –> air dries, heads toward poles –> air cools then falls –> air warms and moves to equator, bringing moisture with it

88
Q
A

LS7B (1 decks)

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