Final Review - Semester 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Ionic bonds
A
transfer of electrons
boring/not very strong
2
Q
Covalent bonds
A
sharing of electrons
very strong
3
Q
Polarity
Polar covalent bonds
A
unequal sharing of electrons in covalent bonds, leading to unequal distribution of charge
(polar attracted to polar)
4
Q
Hydrogen bonding in H2O
A
strongest attractions between most polar molecules
common in bio systems
5
Q
Cohesion
A
sticking together
6
Q
Adhesion
A
sticking to other things
7
Q
Surface Tension
A
is created by cohesion
molecules stick to each other (the penny experiment)
8
Q
Specific Heat temp of water
A
a measure of how much heat is absorbed/released before increase increase/decrease in temperature
9
Q
Evaporative Cooling
A
like sweating
10
Q
Density
A
the quantity of things (molecules) in a given area or space
11
Q
Monomer
A
the simplest unit of a molecule
12
Q
Polymer
A
large molecule of repeating monomers
13
Q
Hydrolysis
Monomer division
A
reverse dehydration synthesis
(breaking with water)
anabolic and endergonic
14
Q
Dehydration synthesis
Monomers joining
A
builds complex molecule by removing water molecule and replacing it with a bond
catabolic and exergonic
15
Q
Macromolecules
A
very big molecules
- made of a few common atoms
- accomplishes all life functions
- put together in a specific way (STRUCTURE)
- can be incredibly complex
16
Q
Carbohydrates
A
sugars and starches
made of C, H, O in 1:2:1 ratio
used for short term energy storage
17
Q
Monosaccharides
A
monomers of carbohydrates
hexose sugars are most known
18
Q
Disaccharides
A
glucose+glucose=maltose
glucose+fructose=sucrose
glucose+galactose=lactose
19
Q
polysaccharides
A
massive polymers of sugars
used for short term energy storage and structural support
Plants: amylose(starch) and cellulose
Animals: glycogen
20
Q
Protein Structure
A
Primary - the sequence of amino acids, joined together covalently
Secondary - repeating 3D structures in polypeptide chains ex: helix or beta sheet
Tertiary - specific 3D shape or conformation of polypeptide chains, all proteins have up to this level of structure
Quaternary - specific 3D shape made of more than 1 polypeptide chain, this is an optional level
21
Q
Protein Structure bonds
A
Primary - covalent peptide bonds
Secondary - hydrogen bonds between backbones
Tertiary - interactions between R groups
Quaternary -
22
Q
Protein Function
A
almost all life functions
storage, defensive, structural, hormonal, transport, contractile and motor, receptor, and enzymatic proteins
23
Q
Denaturing of Proteins
A
change in structure of a protein
function will change (which won’t work very well)
24
Q
Lipid characteristic that unite the group
A
fats, oils, waxes
made of C, H, O
used for long term energy storage and insulation
no polymers, only big molecules
hydrophobic
25
Triglycerides
one glycerol and 3 fatty acids
connected by dehydration synthesis 3x (ester linkages)
saturated bonds - no double bonds between C, excess cholesterol
unsaturated bonds - at least one double bond, liquid at room temp but can turn to solid (trans fat)
26
Steroids
1 class of hormones and cholesterol
notable structure - fused rings
different functional groups = different function
27
Phospholipids
triglyceride with a phosphate
makes a molecule have polar and non-polar regions (amphipathic)
major component of cell membranes (bi-layer)
28
Nucleic Acids
information storage molecules
made of C, H, N, O, P
2 kinds: DNA and RNA
polymers are nucleotides
nucleotides have a phosphate, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous base
29
Four different types of nucleic acids
Adenine
Thymine/Uracil
Guanine
Cytosine
30
DNA
stores info about primary structure of protein
heritable
2 chains of covalently bonded nucleotides
chains are bonded by hydrogen bonds
A bonds to T
G bonds to C
31
RNA
transmits DNA info into protein
15 kinds of RNA, 3 main kinds
many enzymatic and regulatory functions
1 chain, base pairing still occurs
less stable than DNA
A to U
G to C
32
Prokaryotic Cells
simple (no membrane bound organelles)
smaller (10-100 um)
more abundant
33
Eukaryotic Cells
lots of membrane bound organelles
larger (100 um - 1 mm)
2 major types (photoautotrophic & chemoheterotrophic)
34
Endomembrane system
allows eukaryotic cells to specialize
membranes isolate areas and create varied conditions
provides surface for reactions like respiration and photosynthesis
specialization is a prerec. for multicellular life
35
Animal Cells
36
Plant cells
37
Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function
38
Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function
39
Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function
40
Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function
41
Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function
42
Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function
43
Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function
44
Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function
45
Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function
46
Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function
47
Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function
48
Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function
49
Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function
50
Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function
51
Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function
52
Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function
53
Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function
54
Components of the endomembrane system
55
Components of the endomembrane system
56
Components of the endomembrane system
57
Components of the endomembrane system
58
Bulk Transport
59
Phagocytosis
60
Pinocytosis
61
Receptor Mediated Pinocytosis
62
How Enzymes work
63
Reaction Progress w/ enzymes
64
Reaction Progress w/ enzymes
65
Reaction Progress w/ enzymes
66
Reaction Progress w/o enzymes
67
Reaction Progress w/o enzymes
68
Reaction Progress w/o enzymes
69
Positive Factors that influence enzyme activity
70
Negative factors that influence enzyme activity
71
Inhibition Types
72
Inhibition Types
73
Inhibition Types
74
Inhibition Types
75
Mitochondria Structure
76
Mitochondria Structure
77
78
79
Mitochondria Structure
80
81
82
83
Chloroplast Structure
Oval-shaped and have two membranes: an outer membrane and an inner membrane
84
Stages of Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis, Citric Acid/Krebs Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation
85
Glycolysis Location
Cytoplasm
86
Glycolysis Inputs and Outputs
1 Glucose (6C), 2 NAD+, 2 ATP --> 2 Pyruvate (3C), 2 NADH, 4 ATP
87
Fermentation Inputs and Outputs
2 Pyruvates, 2 NADH --> 2 NAD+, Carbon, Waste products
88
Fermentation Location
Cytoplasm
89
Fermentation Purpose
To enable glycolysis to keep functioning
90
Citric Acid Cycle Location
Mitochondria (Matrix)
91
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs) Inputs and Outputs
1 Acetyl-CoA (2C from pyruvate), 3 NAD+, 1 FAD,
1 ADP --> 2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH1, 1 ATP
92
Oxidative Phosphorylation Location
Located in Mitochndria (Inner Membrane)
93
Oxidative Phosphorylation Inputs and Outputs
10 NADH, 2 FADH2, O2 --> 32-34 ATP, H2O, 10 NAD+, 2 FAD+
94
Endergonic Respiration
Requires Energy to occur; Matter is converted from lower energy arrangments to higher energy arrangements; Cannot occur spontaneously
95
Exergonic Respiration
Releases energy; Matter is converted from high-energy arrangments to low-energy arrangements; Spontaneous
96
Anaerobic Respiration
Does not require oxygen to make ATP
97
Aerobic Respiration
Requires oxygen to make ATP
98
Catabolic Respiration
Exergonic; Breaks things down and releases energy
99
Stroma
The matrix of a chloroplast, in which the grana are embedded
100
Chlorophyll
Main photosynthetic pigment located in the thylakoid
101
Chloroplast
An organelle that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place
102
Thylakoids
Flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place, and arranged in stacks
103
Accessory Pigments
Other pigments that allow the chloroplast to absorb a wider rand of light and protest the chloroplast from light-related damage
104
Light Reaction Inputs and Outputs
Light, ADP + Pi, NADP+, H20 --> ATP, NADPH, O2
105
Photosystem II
Complexes of protein and pigment molecules that are embedded in the thylakoid membrane; Found at the beginning of the ETC
106
Photosystem I
Complexes of protein and pigment molecules that are embedded in the thylakoid membrane; Found at the end of the ETC
107
Chemiosmosis
The process of ATP synthesis using 'free energy' is obtained when electrons are passed to several carriers (ETC)
108
Photophosphorylation
The energy coming from photons
109
Non-Cyclic Electron Flow
Electrons move from photosystem II to photosystem I via the ETC. From photosystem II, transferred to the enzyme NADP-Reductase; Produces ATP and NADPH and does require H20
110
Cyclic Electron Flow
Electrons move from photosystem I to the ETC before returning to photosystem I; Only creates ATP and doesn't require H2O
111
Calvin Cycle Phases
Carbon Fixation, Reduction, Regeneration
112
Carbon Fixation
RuBisCo mediates the transfer of a molecule of CO into a molecule of RuBP
113
Reduction
ATP and NADH are used to rearrange RuBP into G3P
114
Regeneration
ATP is used to reconstitute RuBP from G3P
115
RuBP
Ribulose Bisphosphate
116
RuBisCo
Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase
117
G3P/PGAL
Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate; three-carbon sugar
118
Proton Gradient
An electrochemical gradient that helps diffuse protons through the ETC
119
Photon
Light energy
120
Calvin Cycle Inputs and Outputs
3 CO2, 9 ATP, 6 NADPH --> 1 G3P, 9 ADP + Pi,
6 NADP+
121
ETC (Electron Transport Chain)
Complexes of proteins embedded in the folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane ("cristae")
122
Stages of the Cell Cycle
G0, G1, S, G2, M
123
G1
Growth
124
S
DNA replication
125
G2
Preparation for divisions
126
M
Mitosis
127
Where are/is the checkpoint(s) in the cell cycle
G1
128
What are the checkpoints for
To determine if the cell should replicate its DNA
129
Internal Signal(s) for Cell Division
MPF (Mitosis Promotion Factor) is the combination of CDK (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase) and Cyclin turn on proteins need for mitosis
130
What does PDGF mean and what is it for?
Platelet Derived Growth Factor and is an External Control signal
131
External Control Signal
Position Inhibition; Normal animals cells must be anchored and not too crowded
132
Chromosome Structure G1
133
Chromosome Structure G2
134
Chromosome
Tightly coiled pieces of DNA that condense prior to division
135
Chromatid
One member of the pair of chromosomes
136
Centromere
Region where chromosomes are jointed
137
Cytokinesis
Splitting of the cell into two
138
Cytokinesis in Animals
A "contractile ring" of microfilaments pinches the cell in two
139
Cytokinesis in Plants
Vesicles from both cells deposit a new cell wall partition ("cell plate") in the middle of the cell
140
Controls/Inhibitors not obeyed
Cancer
141
What is cancer?
Uncontrolled Cell Division (Mutation)
142
Characteristic of Cancer?
Rapid growth, cell repair and death, "stickiness" and spread, appearance, Rapid maturation, evasion of the immune system
143
Malignant Cancer
Grow rapidly, invade and destroy nearby normal tissues, and spread throughout the body
144
Benign Cancer
Grow slowly and do not spread
145
Cancer Treatments
Surgery, Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy, Stem Cell Transplant, Radiation
146
Haploid
n; single set of chromoses
147
Diploid
2n; two sets of chromosomes
148
Mitosis Phases (in order)
Interphase, Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and Cytokineses (I Promised Peppa My Antique Telescope and Car)
149
Interphase
Replication fo DNA and preparation for division; Most of a cell's life
150
Prophase
Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down, mitotic spindle starts forming
151
Prometaphase
Chromosomes begin to move to cell equator; two complete spindles at cell poles
152
Metaphase
Chromosomes are at a metaphase plate; spindle attaches to the "kinetochore" of chromosomes at the centromere
153
Anaphase
Chromatids split apart at the centromere, then migrate to cell poles
154
Telophase
Chromosomes decondense and nuclear envelope reforms
155
Photo-oncogenes
Stimulate cell division
156
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Inhibit cell division
157
Meiosis
Reductive Eukaryotic Cell Division
158
Sister Chromatids
The replicated copies of a particular chromosome
159
Homologous Pair
The set of 2 replicated copies of a particular chromosome
160
Stages of Meiosis
Interphase, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I and Cytokinesis, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II and Cytokinesis (It's possible Madagascarian Animals Told Polish and Cambodian Men About Triangles and Circles)
161
Difference between the first phase of Metaphase between Meiosis and Mitosis
Chromosomes line up in a single file in Mitosis during Metaphase whereas, in Meiosis they don't line up until Metaphase II.
162
Mitosis vs Meiosis w/ Prophase I
163
Autosome
Chromosomes that both genders have in equal numbers
164
Nondisjunction
The failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division
165
Karyotype
A picture of an individual chromosomes
166
Mitosis
"Non-reductive" Eukaryotic Cell Division
167
Anabolic Respiration
Endergonic; Builds complexity and requires energy
