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AP Bio > Final Review - Semester 1 > Flashcards

Final Review - Semester 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ionic bonds

A

transfer of electrons
boring/not very strong

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2
Q

Covalent bonds

A

sharing of electrons
very strong

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3
Q

Polarity
Polar covalent bonds

A

unequal sharing of electrons in covalent bonds, leading to unequal distribution of charge
(polar attracted to polar)

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4
Q

Hydrogen bonding in H2O

A

strongest attractions between most polar molecules
common in bio systems

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5
Q

Cohesion

A

sticking together

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6
Q

Adhesion

A

sticking to other things

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7
Q

Surface Tension

A

is created by cohesion
molecules stick to each other (the penny experiment)

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8
Q

Specific Heat temp of water

A

a measure of how much heat is absorbed/released before increase increase/decrease in temperature

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9
Q

Evaporative Cooling

A

like sweating

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10
Q

Density

A

the quantity of things (molecules) in a given area or space

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11
Q

Monomer

A

the simplest unit of a molecule

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12
Q

Polymer

A

large molecule of repeating monomers

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13
Q

Hydrolysis
Monomer division

A

reverse dehydration synthesis
(breaking with water)
anabolic and endergonic

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14
Q

Dehydration synthesis
Monomers joining

A

builds complex molecule by removing water molecule and replacing it with a bond
catabolic and exergonic

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15
Q

Macromolecules

A

very big molecules
- made of a few common atoms
- accomplishes all life functions
- put together in a specific way (STRUCTURE)
- can be incredibly complex

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16
Q

Carbohydrates

A

sugars and starches
made of C, H, O in 1:2:1 ratio
used for short term energy storage

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17
Q

Monosaccharides

A

monomers of carbohydrates
hexose sugars are most known

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18
Q

Disaccharides

A

glucose+glucose=maltose
glucose+fructose=sucrose
glucose+galactose=lactose

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19
Q

polysaccharides

A

massive polymers of sugars
used for short term energy storage and structural support
Plants: amylose(starch) and cellulose
Animals: glycogen

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20
Q

Protein Structure

A

Primary - the sequence of amino acids, joined together covalently
Secondary - repeating 3D structures in polypeptide chains ex: helix or beta sheet
Tertiary - specific 3D shape or conformation of polypeptide chains, all proteins have up to this level of structure
Quaternary - specific 3D shape made of more than 1 polypeptide chain, this is an optional level

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21
Q

Protein Structure bonds

A

Primary - covalent peptide bonds
Secondary - hydrogen bonds between backbones
Tertiary - interactions between R groups
Quaternary -

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22
Q

Protein Function

A

almost all life functions
storage, defensive, structural, hormonal, transport, contractile and motor, receptor, and enzymatic proteins

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23
Q

Denaturing of Proteins

A

change in structure of a protein
function will change (which won’t work very well)

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24
Q

Lipid characteristic that unite the group

A

fats, oils, waxes
made of C, H, O
used for long term energy storage and insulation
no polymers, only big molecules
hydrophobic

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25
Q

Triglycerides

A

one glycerol and 3 fatty acids
connected by dehydration synthesis 3x (ester linkages)
saturated bonds - no double bonds between C, excess cholesterol
unsaturated bonds - at least one double bond, liquid at room temp but can turn to solid (trans fat)

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26
Q

Steroids

A

1 class of hormones and cholesterol
notable structure - fused rings
different functional groups = different function

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27
Q

Phospholipids

A

triglyceride with a phosphate
makes a molecule have polar and non-polar regions (amphipathic)
major component of cell membranes (bi-layer)

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28
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

information storage molecules
made of C, H, N, O, P
2 kinds: DNA and RNA
polymers are nucleotides
nucleotides have a phosphate, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous base

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29
Q

Four different types of nucleic acids

A

Adenine
Thymine/Uracil
Guanine
Cytosine

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30
Q

DNA

A

stores info about primary structure of protein
heritable
2 chains of covalently bonded nucleotides
chains are bonded by hydrogen bonds
A bonds to T
G bonds to C

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31
Q

RNA

A

transmits DNA info into protein
15 kinds of RNA, 3 main kinds
many enzymatic and regulatory functions
1 chain, base pairing still occurs
less stable than DNA
A to U
G to C

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32
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

simple (no membrane bound organelles)
smaller (10-100 um)
more abundant

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33
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

lots of membrane bound organelles
larger (100 um - 1 mm)
2 major types (photoautotrophic & chemoheterotrophic)

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34
Q

Endomembrane system

A

allows eukaryotic cells to specialize
membranes isolate areas and create varied conditions
provides surface for reactions like respiration and photosynthesis
specialization is a prerec. for multicellular life

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35
Q

Animal Cells

A
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36
Q

Plant cells

A
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37
Q

Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function

A
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38
Q

Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function

A
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39
Q

Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function

A
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40
Q

Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function

A
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41
Q

Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function

A
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42
Q

Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function

A
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43
Q

Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function

A
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44
Q

Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function

A
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45
Q

Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function

A
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46
Q

Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function

A
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47
Q

Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function

A
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48
Q

Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function

A
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49
Q

Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function

A
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50
Q

Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function

A
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51
Q

Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function

A
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52
Q

Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function

A
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53
Q

Organelles in Eukaryotic cells and their function

A
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54
Q

Components of the endomembrane system

A
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55
Q

Components of the endomembrane system

A
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56
Q

Components of the endomembrane system

A
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57
Q

Components of the endomembrane system

A
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58
Q

Bulk Transport

A
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59
Q

Phagocytosis

A
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60
Q

Pinocytosis

A
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61
Q

Receptor Mediated Pinocytosis

A
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62
Q

How Enzymes work

A
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63
Q

Reaction Progress w/ enzymes

A
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64
Q

Reaction Progress w/ enzymes

A
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65
Q

Reaction Progress w/ enzymes

A
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66
Q

Reaction Progress w/o enzymes

A
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67
Q

Reaction Progress w/o enzymes

A
68
Q

Reaction Progress w/o enzymes

A
69
Q

Positive Factors that influence enzyme activity

A
70
Q

Negative factors that influence enzyme activity

A
71
Q

Inhibition Types

A
72
Q

Inhibition Types

A
73
Q

Inhibition Types

A
74
Q

Inhibition Types

A
75
Q

Mitochondria Structure

A
76
Q

Mitochondria Structure

A
77
Q
A
78
Q
A
79
Q

Mitochondria Structure

A
80
Q
A
81
Q
A
82
Q
A
83
Q

Chloroplast Structure

A

Oval-shaped and have two membranes: an outer membrane and an inner membrane

84
Q

Stages of Cellular Respiration

A

Glycolysis, Citric Acid/Krebs Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation

85
Q

Glycolysis Location

A

Cytoplasm

86
Q

Glycolysis Inputs and Outputs

A

1 Glucose (6C), 2 NAD+, 2 ATP –> 2 Pyruvate (3C), 2 NADH, 4 ATP

87
Q

Fermentation Inputs and Outputs

A

2 Pyruvates, 2 NADH –> 2 NAD+, Carbon, Waste products

88
Q

Fermentation Location

A

Cytoplasm

89
Q

Fermentation Purpose

A

To enable glycolysis to keep functioning

90
Q

Citric Acid Cycle Location

A

Mitochondria (Matrix)

91
Q

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs) Inputs and Outputs

A

1 Acetyl-CoA (2C from pyruvate), 3 NAD+, 1 FAD,
1 ADP –> 2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH1, 1 ATP

92
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation Location

A

Located in Mitochndria (Inner Membrane)

93
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation Inputs and Outputs

A

10 NADH, 2 FADH2, O2 –> 32-34 ATP, H2O, 10 NAD+, 2 FAD+

94
Q

Endergonic Respiration

A

Requires Energy to occur; Matter is converted from lower energy arrangments to higher energy arrangements; Cannot occur spontaneously

95
Q

Exergonic Respiration

A

Releases energy; Matter is converted from high-energy arrangments to low-energy arrangements; Spontaneous

96
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Does not require oxygen to make ATP

97
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

Requires oxygen to make ATP

98
Q

Catabolic Respiration

A

Exergonic; Breaks things down and releases energy

99
Q

Stroma

A

The matrix of a chloroplast, in which the grana are embedded

100
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Main photosynthetic pigment located in the thylakoid

101
Q

Chloroplast

A

An organelle that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place

102
Q

Thylakoids

A

Flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place, and arranged in stacks

103
Q

Accessory Pigments

A

Other pigments that allow the chloroplast to absorb a wider rand of light and protest the chloroplast from light-related damage

104
Q

Light Reaction Inputs and Outputs

A

Light, ADP + Pi, NADP+, H20 –> ATP, NADPH, O2

105
Q

Photosystem II

A

Complexes of protein and pigment molecules that are embedded in the thylakoid membrane; Found at the beginning of the ETC

106
Q

Photosystem I

A

Complexes of protein and pigment molecules that are embedded in the thylakoid membrane; Found at the end of the ETC

107
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

The process of ATP synthesis using ‘free energy’ is obtained when electrons are passed to several carriers (ETC)

108
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

The energy coming from photons

109
Q

Non-Cyclic Electron Flow

A

Electrons move from photosystem II to photosystem I via the ETC. From photosystem II, transferred to the enzyme NADP-Reductase; Produces ATP and NADPH and does require H20

110
Q

Cyclic Electron Flow

A

Electrons move from photosystem I to the ETC before returning to photosystem I; Only creates ATP and doesn’t require H2O

111
Q

Calvin Cycle Phases

A

Carbon Fixation, Reduction, Regeneration

112
Q

Carbon Fixation

A

RuBisCo mediates the transfer of a molecule of CO into a molecule of RuBP

113
Q

Reduction

A

ATP and NADH are used to rearrange RuBP into G3P

114
Q

Regeneration

A

ATP is used to reconstitute RuBP from G3P

115
Q

RuBP

A

Ribulose Bisphosphate

116
Q

RuBisCo

A

Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase

117
Q

G3P/PGAL

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate; three-carbon sugar

118
Q

Proton Gradient

A

An electrochemical gradient that helps diffuse protons through the ETC

119
Q

Photon

A

Light energy

120
Q

Calvin Cycle Inputs and Outputs

A

3 CO2, 9 ATP, 6 NADPH –> 1 G3P, 9 ADP + Pi,
6 NADP+

121
Q

ETC (Electron Transport Chain)

A

Complexes of proteins embedded in the folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane (“cristae”)

122
Q

Stages of the Cell Cycle

A

G0, G1, S, G2, M

123
Q

G1

A

Growth

124
Q

S

A

DNA replication

125
Q

G2

A

Preparation for divisions

126
Q

M

A

Mitosis

127
Q

Where are/is the checkpoint(s) in the cell cycle

A

G1

128
Q

What are the checkpoints for

A

To determine if the cell should replicate its DNA

129
Q

Internal Signal(s) for Cell Division

A

MPF (Mitosis Promotion Factor) is the combination of CDK (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase) and Cyclin turn on proteins need for mitosis

130
Q

What does PDGF mean and what is it for?

A

Platelet Derived Growth Factor and is an External Control signal

131
Q

External Control Signal

A

Position Inhibition; Normal animals cells must be anchored and not too crowded

132
Q

Chromosome Structure G1

A
133
Q

Chromosome Structure G2

A
134
Q

Chromosome

A

Tightly coiled pieces of DNA that condense prior to division

135
Q

Chromatid

A

One member of the pair of chromosomes

136
Q

Centromere

A

Region where chromosomes are jointed

137
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Splitting of the cell into two

138
Q

Cytokinesis in Animals

A

A “contractile ring” of microfilaments pinches the cell in two

139
Q

Cytokinesis in Plants

A

Vesicles from both cells deposit a new cell wall partition (“cell plate”) in the middle of the cell

140
Q

Controls/Inhibitors not obeyed

A

Cancer

141
Q

What is cancer?

A

Uncontrolled Cell Division (Mutation)

142
Q

Characteristic of Cancer?

A

Rapid growth, cell repair and death, “stickiness” and spread, appearance, Rapid maturation, evasion of the immune system

143
Q

Malignant Cancer

A

Grow rapidly, invade and destroy nearby normal tissues, and spread throughout the body

144
Q

Benign Cancer

A

Grow slowly and do not spread

145
Q

Cancer Treatments

A

Surgery, Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy, Stem Cell Transplant, Radiation

146
Q

Haploid

A

n; single set of chromoses

147
Q

Diploid

A

2n; two sets of chromosomes

148
Q

Mitosis Phases (in order)

A

Interphase, Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and Cytokineses (I Promised Peppa My Antique Telescope and Car)

149
Q

Interphase

A

Replication fo DNA and preparation for division; Most of a cell’s life

150
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down, mitotic spindle starts forming

151
Q

Prometaphase

A

Chromosomes begin to move to cell equator; two complete spindles at cell poles

152
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes are at a metaphase plate; spindle attaches to the “kinetochore” of chromosomes at the centromere

153
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromatids split apart at the centromere, then migrate to cell poles

154
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes decondense and nuclear envelope reforms

155
Q

Photo-oncogenes

A

Stimulate cell division

156
Q

Tumor Suppressor Genes

A

Inhibit cell division

157
Q

Meiosis

A

Reductive Eukaryotic Cell Division

158
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

The replicated copies of a particular chromosome

159
Q

Homologous Pair

A

The set of 2 replicated copies of a particular chromosome

160
Q

Stages of Meiosis

A

Interphase, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I and Cytokinesis, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II and Cytokinesis (It’s possible Madagascarian Animals Told Polish and Cambodian Men About Triangles and Circles)

161
Q

Difference between the first phase of Metaphase between Meiosis and Mitosis

A

Chromosomes line up in a single file in Mitosis during Metaphase whereas, in Meiosis they don’t line up until Metaphase II.

162
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis w/ Prophase I

A
163
Q

Autosome

A

Chromosomes that both genders have in equal numbers

164
Q

Nondisjunction

A

The failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division

165
Q

Karyotype

A

A picture of an individual chromosomes

166
Q

Mitosis

A

“Non-reductive” Eukaryotic Cell Division

167
Q

Anabolic Respiration

A

Endergonic; Builds complexity and requires energy

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