Final Review pt. 1 Flashcards
Define “fitness”
Measuring how much an individual’s genotype is present in the next generation. Increase reproductive chances = increase fitness
Typological thinking vs. population thinking
Typological = creation Population = evolution
Describe the evidence that species are changing and that they are all related
fossils, extinction, transitional features, homology
Name two common misconceptions of evolution and why they are misconceptions
Perfection: Natural selection is not goal oriented. Not all traits can be developed, even if they’re adaptive. Limited by genetic, historical, or environmental constraints.
Complexity: Traits can actually be lost over time (vestigial). Mutations occur by chance and loss of traits can be adaptive.
Within organisms: Individuals acclimate, populations adapt
Why does history matter in evolution and historical traits?
Because all traits come from previously existing traits. Ex. vagus nerve in aorta of human and giraffe.
Describe how hox genes regulate animal development and their evolutionary significance
- Ant/post genes
- Rapid diversity. Don’t need a whole new genome each time
- Decide when/where to activate certain genes
- Leads to an arms race between predators and prey
Explain the significance of the bilaterian development tool kit
- rapid evolution
- increased diversity
- very specialized development
Convergent evolution vs. Coevolution
Convergent: same plants in different places
Coevolution: bees and flowers
Identify and describe at least two of the four major gymnosperm groups
Cycads
Ginkgo
Conifers
Gnetophytes
Compare and contrast the xylem vessels of angiosperms and the tracheids of gymnosperms
G-TAX Xylem: A -more efficient -open ends -water flow is more direct -more prone to cavitation
Tracheids: G
- closed ends/semi-closed ends
- flow of water is more indirect
Xylem transports water…
From the source to the loss point
I.e. Soil to leaves
Phloem transports water…
From the source to the sink
I.e. leaves to growing parts/storage organs
