final review chapters 12-15

Question 1

Nuremberg code

Answer 1

Policy adopted by the U.S department of defense in 1953 under which research subjects have to be informed that participation is voluntary and be provided with infraction about the nature, duration and purpose of the research ( happened after countless cases were slaves were part of experiment without consent )

Question 2

life course perspective

Answer 2

a framework used to explain how health outcomes change over the life course

Question 3

cumulative disadvantages perspective

Answer 3

a framework used to explain the increasing divergence between black and white health outcomes that focuses on how disadvantages accumulate over the life course(focuses on the fact that many health conditions are related to stressors that accumulate over the life course)

Question 4

weathering hypothesis

Answer 4

a framework used to explain the increasing divergence between black and white health outcomes that focuses on how constant exposure to stress accelerates health decline for blacks (according to this perspective black Americans age more quickly than whites because of the social, economic and environmental conditions they face such as food quality, discrimination, financial stress, etc )

Question 5

hispanic paradox

Answer 5

the observation that even tho latinos have on average a lower socioeconomic status than whites, they have comparable health compared to whites (a lot of this is based on hispanic immigrants rather than native born hispanic Americans, this can be because they still have Mexican customs in their head or just simply dont know unhealthy American customs, also the way they were raised Mexican immigrants were around Mexicans were as Mexican americas were with Americans took time to learn customs and even face more discrimination on a daily bases from an early age( immigrants tend to have worse health outcomes the longer they stay in the us))

Question 6

acculturation

Answer 6

a process by which immigrants adopt the behaviors and preference of the host society (more acculturates latinos were more likely to go to the dr, get preventative care, screened for cancer and have health insurance) Overall the researchers found that acculturation has negative effects in terms of health behaviors but positive effects in terms of health care usage and access/

Question 7

environmental racism

Answer 7

institutional polices and practices that differentially affect the health outcomes or living conditions of people and communities based on race or color( poc communities have less access to fresh produce, parks, jogging trails healthy foods and also more likely to live close to places that can directly damage their health such as toxic waste dumps, highly polluted freeways etc)

Question 8

environmental justice

Answer 8

efforts to ensure the right to live in nontoxic neighborhoods regardless of race ( fight for the creation of parks and open spaces to clean up toxic waste producers… help blacks in the fight for lead screening, chicanos and filipino against the use of pesticides in agriculture and native Americans battle for fishing rights)

Question 9

nativism

Answer 9

the presumed superiority of the native born citizens favoring allocation of resources to them over immigrants and promoting a fear of foreign cultures

Question 10

oriental exclusion act

Answer 10

in 1924 legislation that expanded the Chinese exclusion act and prohibited most immigration from Asia to the United States (made to improve racial stock of the United States)

Question 11

legal permanent resident

Answer 11

a foreign national who is granted the right to remain in the Unites States and who will be eligible for naturalization after a period of three to five Years

Question 12

bracero program

Answer 12

a US government program that brought in temporary workers from Mexico between 1942 and 1964 (used to Meet labor shortages caused by wwII 4.6 million bracero came to work agriculture in the United States, people still came illegally to work in fields )

Question 13

operation wetback

Answer 13

massive roundups of Mexicans by the US border patrol from 1950 to 1954 (one example of this was on July 30 1952 when 100 border patrol agents arrested 5000 Mexicans and deported them back to Mexico ….raids like these spread fear in Mexican communities )

Question 14

McCarran Internal Security act

Answer 14

a 1950 US law designed to combat communism. It required members of the communist party in the United States to register with the federal government and it allowed for the decoration of foreign national who were members of the communist party

Question 15

1965 Immigration and nationality act

Answer 15

legislation that put an end to the racially biased quotas set forth in the 1924 oriental exclusion act and the immigration act of 1924 it set a universal quota of 20,000 immigrants for every country in the world (had two main consequences, it increased immigration from Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean and it increased undocumented immigration from Mexico)

Question 16

1986 immigration reform and control act (irca)

Answer 16

a series of immigration provisions that 1. offered a legalization option for undocumented workers living in the United States and 2. imposed sanctions on employers who hired undocumented workers (this later invoked racialized sentiments about Mexicans taking jobs from Americans, overusing welfare, and refusing to assimilate, despite evidence to the contrary)

Question 17

prop 187

Answer 17

a ballot in California that would deny social services and educational opportunities to the undocumented (1990s, criminalized undocumented immigrants and radicalized undocumented immigrants as Mexican…in 1994 prop 187 was passed as 60 percent of cali voted in favor of however this bill was no implemented as it found to be unconstitutional in 1997 )

Question 18

Personal Responsibly and work opportunity act (PRWORA)

Answer 18

1996 Legislation that denied government services and benefits to legally present migrants ( happened after the fail of prop 187, undocumented migrants were never even eligable for welfare services such as cash benefits Medicaid food stamps or public housing, these were just myths. this extended to legally present immigrants and it denied benefits to legally present migrants for at least the first five years of their stay in the United States)

Question 19

anti- terrorism and effective health penalty act (AEDPA)

Answer 19

1996 legislation that amount other provisions limited judicial review of some deportation orders and required mandatory detention for many non citizens

Question 20

illegal immigration reform and immigrant responsibility act (IIIRIRA)

Answer 20

a 1996 legislation under which legal permanent residents face mandatory deportation if they are convicted of aggravated felonies (these cases do not require judicial review..the people do not have the right to have a judge hear the specifics of the case, any legal permanent resident charged with a crime at any time during their stay and be subject to deportation)

Question 21

racial justice

Answer 21

the creation of a society devoid of racial oppression, involves the eradication of white supremacy ( no correct answer looks different depending on values and perspective )

Question 22

recognition

Answer 22

the first of Yamamotos four dimensions of racial justice : recognizing the harms created by racism (essential because it allowed us to reflect on the gravity of racial harms, permits everyone to see.

Question 23

responsibly

Answer 23

the second of Yamamotos four dimensions of racial justice: acknowledging that someone is responsible for the harms inflicted on racal groups ( often comes up with regard to slavery, who was responsible? individual slaveowners? their descendants? all whites? us government?)

Question 24

reconstruction

Answer 24

the thirst of Yamamotos four dimensions of racial justice: acting on the knowledge that harm has been inflicted on racial groups (once you recognize that harm has been done and figure out who should be held responsible, it is necessary to take action)

Question 25

reparation

Answer 25

the fourth of Yamamoto four dimensions of racial justice; repairing damage and providing restitution for past harms against racial groups ( for slavery this can involve investment in education in African American communities, educational scholarships, community development funds, construction of monuments and museums dedicated to African American culture and history and cant grants).

Question 26

civil rights

Answer 26

government sanctioned protections against discrimination ( to promote equal opportunity, include the right yo a fair trail of each adult in the us, to cite and not be discriminated against )

Question 27

human rights

Answer 27

universal rights such as access to health care, adequate housing and eduction (it compasses civil rights , argues for the universal extension of rights such as good health care and an adequate standard of living)

Question 28

intersectionality

Answer 28

a simultaneous look at race , ethnicity , class and gender oppression ( forms of oppression )

Question 29

capitalism

Answer 29

a profit bases economic system that produces inequality (one of the three interlocking forms of oppression in America)

Question 30

patriarchy

Answer 30

a system of oppression that ensures Male dominance in terms of power and property (one of the three interlocking forms of oppression in America)

Question 31

white supremacy

Answer 31

a system of racial stratification that places whites at the top of the hierarchy (one of the three interlocking forms of oppression in America)

Question 32

apartheid

Answer 32

legally enforced racial segregation that endured from 1948 to 1994 in South African ( banned racial mixing )

Question 33

les sans papiers

Answer 33

(undocumented migrants call themselves) literally “those without papers” undocumented migrants in France

Question 34

Banlieues

Answer 34

the outskirts or suburbs of French cities ( in many cases underserves neighborhoods that are home to minority populations, public housing build in the 1970 made to accommodate immigrant families and they continue to house primarily immigrants, although this term translates to suburbs it houses primarily poor working class and non white people in France)

Question 35

Afrikaners

Answer 35

descendents of the dutch colonist who settled in South Africa ( were resistant to British rule and opposed to what they views as the more liberal policies of the British )

Question 36

Boer war

Answer 36

second war of freedom a conflict from 1899 to 1902 in which the British fought the dutch to bring all of South African under British colonial power ( made to have access over South Africans mineral wealth )

Question 37

coloured

Answer 37

according to South Africans 1950s population registration act, a person who is not white or native ( it was not cut clear wherever south Africans were white “colored” or natives, prior to 1948 )

Question 38

population registration act

Answer 38

1950 act that defined three racial groups in South African, white, native and coloured and mandated that every citizen be issued identification specifying his or her race

Question 39

mesticagem

Answer 39

the Portuguese word for racial mixing

Question 40

mestizo a

Answer 40

a Brazilian racal category describing a mixture of black white and Indian

Question 41

racial democracy

Answer 41

a social in which color and ethnic differences do not affect life chances

Question 42

genotype

Answer 42

genetic makeup (leading factor of race in America)

Question 43

phenotype

Answer 43

physical appearance ( leading factor of race in Brazil )