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CSF final > Final Review Block 3 > Flashcards

Final Review Block 3 Flashcards

1
Q

which ion has the biggest difference in concentration between inside and out of cell?

A

Ca

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2
Q

3 characteristics of simple diffusion

A

selectivity
passivity
competition
(no saturation)

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3
Q

describe a simple diffusion channel

A

hole in the membrane that provides a hydrophilic path for molecules to move through down their concentration gradient

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4
Q

what is Fick’s Law

A

j = DA (DC/Dx)

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5
Q

what are the consequences of fick’s law?

A

larger concentration gradient, more molecules will move
larger molecules = slower movement
larger surface area = more molecules diffuse

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6
Q

what is PTPC?

A

permeability transition pore complex in mito
closed = mito happy
open = apoptosis

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7
Q

what are the 2 types of RyR receptors?

A

RyR1 skeletal mm

RyR2 other mm

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8
Q

describe NMDA- type glutamine receptors

A

ligand gated Ca channels

antagonists: anesthetics, drugs (PCP)

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9
Q

what is the reflection coefficient?

A

measure of how well a solute can cross a membrane
=1 (highest), solute cannot cross
0-1 = semi-permeable
=0 freely permeable

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10
Q

what is required for a substance to be osmotically active?

A

cannot freely diffuse across the membrane

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11
Q

what allows for the passage of water across a membrane?

A

aquaporins

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12
Q

what characterizes facilitated diffusion?

A

competition, selectivity, saturability

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13
Q

describe GLUT-2

A

facilitative glucose transporter that is found on pancreatic b-cells, acts as a glucose sensor for release of insulin, always present in the membrane (constitutive)

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14
Q

describe GLUT-4

A

Facilitative glucose transporter that is found on skeletal and cardiac mm cells/fat cells, insulin binds to receptor yielding a signal for the cell to inset GLUT-4 into membrane (regulated)

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15
Q

what are the Ca ATPases?

A

PMCA- plasma membrane, pumps Ca out
SERCA- pumps Ca into SER
SPCA- on golgi

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16
Q

H/K ATPase on gastric parietal cells

A

1H out and 1K in per 1ATP

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17
Q

vesicular ATPase

A

uses ATP to pump H into vesicles

18
Q

ABC transporter

A

uses APT to export xenobiotics, cholesterol and bile from liver

19
Q

which active transporter is importance re: diarrhea?

A

Na/glucose cotransporter, will help move water out of gut (target of oral rehydration therapy)

20
Q

K(ATP channel)

A

part of SUR, blocking k(ATP) leads to depol, which causes release of insulin

21
Q

consequence of severe hyponaturemia

A

brain swelling

22
Q

consequence of hypokalemia

A

constipation

23
Q

digoxin MOA

A

cardiac glycoside- inhibits Na/K ATPase, thereby decreasing extracellular Na and decreasing “fuel” to pump Ca out of cell (decreases contraction)

24
Q

CCB MOA

A

inhibit voltage gated Ca channels, decrease contraction strength - used for angina, arrhythmia and HTN, will decrease BP and decrease myocardial O2 consumption

25
Q

effect of ischemia on the heart

A

ischemia will decrease OXPHOS and thereby decreased ATP production, Na will reverse the Na/Ca exchanger and increased Ca will be inside of the cell, leading to arrhythmia, heart failure or CVA

26
Q

define equilibrium potential

A

the amount of charge needed to oppose the concentration gradient of the ion

27
Q

what are the equilibrium potentials for K, Na, Cl and Ca?

A 
K= -92 mV
Na = +64 mV
Cl= -88 mV
Ca = -150 mV
28
Q

what are the 2 things that govern membrane potential?

A

concentration gradient of ions

permeability of those ions

29
Q

what is the main determinant of equilibrium potential in most cells?

A

K+ because Na and Cl permeabilities are insignificant

30
Q

what is the consequence of increasing extracellular K?

A

depolarization

31
Q

when are channels refractory?

A

after they are inactivated and before the membrane is repolarized

32
Q

which type of cell has increased permeability to cl?

A

skeletal mm

33
Q

describe leak channels

A

channels for K, Na, Cl that are voltage gated and are OPEN when the membrane is at resting potential

34
Q

what is the cause of the “plateau” seen on myocardiocytes?

A

Ca influx

35
Q

3 special channels in pacemaker cells

A

Na-HCN
K-KAch
Ca-t type

36
Q

describe Na-HCN channels

A

in cardiac pacemaker cells, also called “funny”, will open when cell is hyper polarized and allow Na in to bring cell back to resting potential

37
Q

describe K-KACh channes

A

ACh sensitive K channel- Ach opens channel and K flows out to repolarize, closing these will result in depol

38
Q

describe Ca T type Ca channels

A

transient, will open at the beginning of depol and allow cells to reach threshold

39
Q

sulfonylurea MOA

A

inhibits K(ATP) channel, leads to depol, depol opens Ca channels, increased Ca triggers release of insulin from b-cells

40
Q

what maintains resting membrane potential?

A

Na/K ATPase

CSF final (3 decks)

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