final review - bio 114 Flashcards
what are the 2 parts of a theory
pattern and process
pattern
observation of repetition in a system
process
mechanism in which a pattern occurs
cell theory
all organisms are made of cells
all cells come from pre-exisiting cells
evolutionary theory
evolution is heritable
genetic change in a pop. over time
evolution is a property for populations
natural selection
as a result of greater survivorship and reproductive success of individuals possessing a particular trait they are naturally selected
what are the levels in the biological hierarchy
organisms
populations
communities
ecosystem
biosphere
organisms
individuals
collections of organ systems
acted on by natural selection
populations
collection of indivduals of the same species
evolution affects population
communities
collection of diff populations living together in the same area
ecosystems
communities + their abiotic factors (water, sunlight, temp etc.)
emergent property
a characteristic an entity gains when it becomes part of a bigger system
reproduction is an emergent propery of the population level (organisms cannot reproduce on their own)
gene pool
all the alleles of all the genes within a population
fitness
number of viable offspring you produce in your lifetime
adaptations
come bc of natural selection
a heritable trait that increases the fitness of an individual
macroevolution
species are related
or the creation or extinction of species
geographic promiximity (non-interbreeding species)
evidence of macroevolution
extreme similarity and close proximity of diff species suggets relatedness
homology
evidence of macroevolution
similar traits in seperate species due to a shared common ancestor
genetic homology
similar gene sequence between individuals of a diff species
developmental homology
similarities in morphology of embryos of diff species
structural homology
similarities in structure of body parts of diff species
contrivance
An adaptation in an organism where the adaptation exists as a result of the modification of the original ada
exaptation
an adaptation possessed by an ancestor
vestigial trait
a trait the entire species has that is no longer used but was an adaptation for its ancestors
atavism
a trait some of the members of a pop have that is no longer used
homoplasy
organisms have traits in common but dont have a common ancestor
convergent evolution
independent natural selection of similar traits in unrelated individuals
phenotypes
measurable traits (eye color)
genotypes
genes that code for traits (genes that code for hair color gg= brown hair)
locus
the location of a gene on a chromosome
alleles
particular versios of a gene that occur at the same locus (alleles for green or blue eyes)
