Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 240 > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which form of RNA is translated into a protein?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two classes of RNA?

A

Messenger & Functional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which DNA strand is the same as mRNA?

A

Coding Strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which direction does RNA synthesis occur?

A

5’ to 3’ direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the process of RNA synthesis?

A

Transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is transcription initiated?

A

The transcriptional machinery must be directed to the start of a gene to begin transcribing at the right place.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a holoenzyme?

A

RNA polymerase in prokaryotes that occurs around the promoter region of DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is RNA polymerase?

A

An enzyme that produces RNA. RNAP is necessary for constructing RNA chains using DNA genes as templates (transcription).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are sigma factors?

A

A protein needed only for initiation of RNA synthesis. Turns on the entire complex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are two kinds of transcription terminators?

A

Intrinsic and Rho-Dependent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are three co-transcriptional processing steps of RNA?

A

Capping, Splicing and Cleavage & Polyadenylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the purpose of the cap? Is it 5’ or 3’?

A

Protection. 5’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the purpose of the polyA tail? Is is 5’ or 3’?

A

Protection. 3’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is meant by splicing?

A

The removal of introns and the joining of exons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is meant by alternative splicing?

A

Allows a gene to encode for multiple proteins by using different mRNAs from the same primary transcript by splicing together different combinations of exons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a spliceosome?

A

Where splicing occurs. Removes introns and joins exons to produce mature RNA that contains the continuous infomation needed to synthesize a protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is tRNA?

A

Transfer RNA. Brings the correct amino acid to mRNA during the process of translation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is rRNA?

A

Ribosomal RNA. The major components of ribosomes, which are large macromolecular machines that guide the assembly of amino acid chains by mRNAs and tRNAs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is siRNA?

A

Small Interfering RNA. Help protect the integrity of plant and animal genomes. Inhibit the production of viruses. Silences its own expression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is miRNA?

A

Micro RNA. Regulates the amount of protein produced by eukaryotic genes. Capable of silencing expression in other genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the general structure of an amino acid?

A

All amino acids have a side chain, or R (reactive) group. There are 20 amino acids, each having a different R group that gives the amino acid its unique properties.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the purpose of translation?

A

To transform mRNA into proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Proteins are polymers composed of monomers called amino acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

Amino acids linked by covalent bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which end of the chain is the growing peptide chain?

A

The carboxyl end (C-Term, 3’)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is primary structure?

A

Linear sequence of amino acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is secondary structure?

A

Local regions of the polypeptide chain that fold into specific shapes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is tertiary structure?

A

Folding of the secondary structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is quaternary structure?

A

Two or more folded polypeptides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the Active Site?

A

Where R groups of certain amino acids are placed to interact with a substrate and catalyze a specific reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the Domain?

A

An amino acid sequence or shape that is associated with a specific function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

Changes one codon for an amino acid into another codon for that same amino acid (synonymous mutation).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

Codon for one amino acid is changed into a stop codon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

The insertion or deletion of a codon causes the entire sequence to shift. This mutation can result in a complete loss of function.

35
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

Codon for one amino acid is changed into a codon for another amino acid.

36
Q

What is the purpose of tRNA?

A

tRNA structure is the key to the specificity between an mRNA codon and the amino acid that it designates.

37
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

Complementary to the codon for the amino acid carried by the tRNA.

38
Q

What is the A Site?

A

Binds an incoming aminoacyl-tRNA whose anticodon matches the codon in the A Site of the ribosomal subunit.

39
Q

What is the E Site?

A

Where deacylated tRNA leaves the ribosome.

40
Q

What is the P Site?

A

Where tRNA binds the growing peptide chain.

41
Q

What is the wobble effect?

A

Wobble allows tRNA to recognize two codons. The third codon position doesn’t matter much and leads to the degeneracy of the genetic code.

42
Q

How is translation initiated in prokaryotes?

A

Transcription & Translation occur simultaneously in prokarya. The start site is preceded by Shine-Dalgarno sequences.

43
Q

How is translation initiated in eukaryotes?

A

Translation is initiated by binding tRNA and mRNA to the ribosome. The ribosome moves down the mRNA until an AUG start codon is paired with the tRNA anticodon.

44
Q

What are the stages of translation?

A

Initiation, Elongation and Termination

45
Q

When is translation terminated?

A

Codons are recognized by a separate group of proteins called release factors. Release factors work by interacting with the A site of the ribosome. The presence of the RF changes the conformation of the ribosome, allowing an H2O molecule to enter and stop elongation.

46
Q

What are chaperones?

A

Assist the process of folding in the aqueous environment of the cytoplasm.

47
Q

What is GroE

A

A class of chaperone that forms a large chamber that provides an electrically neutral area for protein folding.

48
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

A post-translational modification where certain kinases use Ser, Thr, Tyr as sites to attach phosphate groups. These groups are transferred from ATP and are attached to the hydroxyl groups of the sidechains. This acts as a switch to activate or deactivate proteins.

49
Q

What is ubiquitination?

A

A post-translational modification where ubiquitin protein shuttles tagged proteins to a complex called the proteosome for degradation. This pathway targets short-lived proteins and those that are mutated or have been damaged.

50
Q

What is translocation?

A

Newly synthesized proteins need to be transferred to their correct locations and pass through certain membranes in the cell.

51
Q

What is denaturation?

A

A change in the structure of a protein.

52
Q

What are some causes of denaturation?

A

Heat, pH changes and sodium levels.

53
Q

In DNA, which complementary bases are more strongly associated?

A

G-C because of the 3 hydrogen bonds between them.

54
Q

What is PCR

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction. Select and amplify genes in vitro without requiring restriction enzyme digests or bacterial stocks.

55
Q

What are restriction enzymes?

A

DNA cutting enzymes found in bacteria.

56
Q

What is the purpose of fragmenting DNA via restriction enzymes?

A

To cut viral DNA that attacks the bacteria cell.

57
Q

What do Western blots detect?

A

Proteins probed for by antibodies.

58
Q

What do Southern blots detect?

A

DNA

59
Q

What do Northern blots detect?

A

RNA

60
Q

What are probes?

A

A DNA sequence that will hybridize to another sequence.

61
Q

What is meant by constitutive?

A

A gene that produces a product constantly.

62
Q

What is meant by regulated?

A

A gene that can be turned on or off as needed.

63
Q

What is gene expression?

A

The process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.

64
Q

What is an operator?

A

A binding site for repressors in bacteria.

65
Q

What is an activator?

A

Transcription is turned on and genes are under positive regulation.

66
Q

What is a repressor?

A

Transcription is turned off and genes are under negative regulation.

67
Q

What is an effector?

A

Whatever molecule is needed to to turn transcription on or off.

68
Q

What is an operon?

A

A cluster of genes that encodes a multigenic mRNA as well as an adjacent common promoter and regulatory region.

69
Q

What is meant by polycistronic?

A

Clustered genes that are transcribed together into a single mRNA.

70
Q

What is allolactose?

A

A natural inducer of the Lac operon.

71
Q

What is IPTG?

A

An artificial inducer of the Lac operon that acts as a constant on switch.

72
Q

What is a Barr body?

A

The inactive X chromosome in a female somatic cell.

73
Q

What is the frequency of spontaneous mutations in humans?

A

About 1/100,000 base pairs.

74
Q

What is a transition mutation?

A

Replacement of a base by the other base of the same chemical category (A-G or (G-A).

75
Q

What is a transversion mutation?

A

Replacement of a base of one chemical category by the base of another (C-A, C-G).

76
Q

What are tautomeric shifts?

A

Reversible shifts of proton position in a molecule.

77
Q

What is a chiasmata?

A

The location where crossover occurs between homologous chromosomes.

78
Q

What is the estimate of chromosome abnormalities in humans?

A

1/500 humans have some sort of chromosome abnormality.

79
Q

What is polyploidy?

A

More than two chromosome sets (3n, 4n, etc.)

80
Q

What is aneuploidy?

A

Not having the normal set of chromosomes (Down Syndrome)

81
Q

What is non-disjunction?

A

Two chromosomes or chromatids incorrectly all go to one pole in either meiosis or mitosis.

82
Q

What is the genotype of someone with Turner’s syndrome?

A

XO

83
Q

What is the genotype of someone with Klinefelter’s syndrome?

A

XXY

Biology 240 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions