Final Review Flashcards
Correlation Method
study of 2 variable to see if they are related and understand the direction and strength of that relationship
Cell Membrane
selective permeability, some molecules can pass and others can’t.
Molecules
are ions that are electrical charge
Selective Permeability
an uneven distribution of ionsinside and outside cell. There are more negative ions on the inside of the cell.
Resting Potential
negative charge of -70mV. There is more Potassium and protein inside the cell
Sodium-potassium pump (keeps at resting potential)
Pumps 3 Na ions out of cell for every 2 K ions it pumps in. There will be more NA ions outside of the cell membrane. (NA is always positively charged).
Action Potential
when the cell is stimulated, and Na channels open the cell becomes more positively charged (-30mV)
Synapse
is a junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next.
Synaptic cleft
When a neuron is sufficiently stimulated, an action potential causes the chemical to be released into very tiny gaps between the neuron and adjacent neurons.
Synaptic Transmission
8 steps:
- synthesis
- transportation and storage
- release
- binding
- deactivation
- autoreceptor activation
- reuptake
- degradation
Synthesis
made in the cell body, also known as neurotransmitters, they transmit information from one neuron to another.
Transportation and storage
neurotransmitters are transported from the cell body to the axon terminal where they are stored. They are stored in small bead-like containers called synaptic vesicles
Release (presynaptic membrane)
the synaptic vesicles melt into the cell membrane, causing the release of the neurotransmitter into the synapse
Binding
The released molecules of neurotransmitter float across the gap and some bind with the membrane of the cell after the synapse.
Deactivation
acetylcholine neurotransmitter can be destroyed by an enzyme in the synapse which stops the transmitter from having a never-ending influence on the postsynaptic cell.
Autoreceptor activation
only respond to neurotransmitters that have been released by the same neuron on which it is situated
Reuptake
Leftover and excess neurotransmitter molecules can be brought back in to the presynaptic region of the cell.
Degradation
Enzymes in the presynaptic region break down excess neurotransmitter molecules, which are then eliminated
Retina
neural tissue that lines that back surface of the eye – it absorbs light and processes images, sends information to the brain
Photoreceptors
rods and cones, but only 10% of the light reaches them.
Information process of the eye
receptors (cones/rods)
->bipolar cells -> ganglion cells -> optic disk -> occipital cortex (visual information processing)
What projects an inverted image onto the retina
cornea and lens
focuses the light rays falling on the retina.
Lens
Optic disk
a place in the retina where the optic nerve fibres exit the eye.
Cones
play a key role in daylight vision and colour vision, also visual acuity. (does the first stage of processing)
Rods
play a key role in night vision and peripheral vision. Rods handle night vision because they are more sensitive than cones to dim light.
a tiny spot in the centre of the retina that contains only cones.
Fovea
Transduction
the process of converting basic sensory information into neural activity that the brain can interrupt
Feature Analysis (bottom-up processisng)
it is a bottom-up processing where progression from individual elements to the whole.
Top-down processing
a progression from the whole to the elements. For example, there is evidence that people can perceive a word before its individual letters,
Frontal cortex (forebrain)
o Fine motor skills
o Executive functions
Temporal lobe
o Memory
o Primary auditory cortex
Occipital cortex
o Vision
o Visual information processing
Parietal cortex primary
o Primary somatosensory cortex
- Responsible for processing somatic sensations
- Primary receptor of general bodily sensation.
o Multisensory integration
Amygdala
part of limbic system involved in emotion and aggression
Hippocampus
involved in learning and memory
Thalamus
relay centre for cortex, handles incoming and outgoing signals
Trichromatic Theory
the human eye has three types of receptors with differing sensitivities to different light wavelengths; red, green and blue. These colours can be mixed together to perceive other colours.
afterimage
a visual image that persists after a stimulus is removed. The afterimage will be the complement of the colour you originally stared at.
Stimulus generalization
occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are like the original stimulus.
Stimulus discrimination
occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.
Evaluative processing
refers to changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli.
operant conditioning
is a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
Classic Conditioning
is a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.
Conditioning involves
learning connections between events that occur in an organism’s environment.
the study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience.
Psychophysics
Wilhelm Wundt
Sensory adaption
gradual decline in sensitivity due to prolonged stimulation.
LGN
located in the thalamus, it is the relay center for the visual pathway and receives the majority of its sensory input from the retina of the eye. It is also the main central connection that connects the optic nerve to the occipital lobe (visual cortex, at back of brain). (follows opponent process theory).
