Final Review Flashcards
Ambient air at sea level contains how much oxygen?
21%
A coalescer is a sample conditioning device that:
Removes vapor mist from a gas analysis
List the fuels shown in the order of LEAST pollution emissions to the GREATEST:
- Fuel oil
- Natural gas
- Tires in a landfill
- Coal
Least-to-most pollution:
- Natural gas
- Fuel oil
- Coal
- Tires in landfill
A Peltier device is another term for:
Solid-state thermoelectric cooler
Process lag is minimized when the:
Diameter of the sample line is as small as practical
The term ‘magnetic wind’ is associated with which oxygen measurement technology:
Thermo-magnetic
Flammable gas and/or toxic gas and/or O2 deficiency alarms in KA 225 (analyzer lab) result in simultaneous triggering of the building fire alarm.
True or False?
TRUE
Hygroscopic materials attract and absorb moisture.
True or False?
TRUE
Water absorption into a dielectric material is the principle of operation for:
A capacitive RH sensor
List the gases in the order of their boiling points: Lowest-to-Highest
- Butane
- Ethane
- Octane
- Propane
Boiling points: Lowest-to-Highest
- Ethane
- Propane
- Butane
- Octane
The following image represents which oxygen measurement technology?
(Picture that looks like a piece of toast and a Xmas ordament? That thing…)
Zirconium Oxide
Which of the following types of radiation has the shortest wavelength, the greatest energy, and the highest frequency?
Ultraviolet radiation
Fast loop filters are sometimes referred to as:
Self-cleaning filters
Which of the following is not considered when designing a sample system?
a. The sample is transported and conditioned in a safe manner
b. The sample is representative of the process
c. The sample is timely (minimal lag time to transport the sample)
d. The sample is at a temperature that matches the process
d. The sample is at a temperature that matches the process
Standardization of a pH probe is a calibration procedure that:
Adjusts the offset or zero and slope of the pH probe
Which of the following is a result of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared region with molecules?
Molecular vibration
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the measurement pH electrode?
The electric potential between the internal pH and the sample is constant
What type of sampling technique is commonly applied to two-phase samples?
Isokinetic
An ORP measurement is ion-specific
True or False?
FALSE
The cell constant of a conductivity sensor is defined as:
The distance between probe electrodes divided by the electrode area
A filter that consists of a stack of wheel-shaped metal discs separated by thin spacers is best defined as:
Edge filter
The unit of conductance is the:
Siemen
Match the component or parameter with the instrument:
a. Polarizing bias voltage
b. LED
c. Reference solution
d. Cell constant
- Dissolved Oxygen analyzer
- Conductivity analyzer
- Turbidimeter
- PH
Polarizing bias Voltage - Dissolved Oxygen analyzer
LED - Turbidimeter
Reference solution - PH
Cell constant - Conductivity analyzer
The resistance measured in a resistive dew point hygrometer ______ as the amount of vapor increases.
Decreases
Which of the following gases is NOT a concern within pipeline quality assurance?
SO2
A solution in which the pOH is 12.1 would be described as:
Very acidic
Strainers are a category of filters. Strainers are typically used for gas sampling applications.
True or False?
FALSE
When considering safety within combustion control design, what two gases listed together are probable concentration measurements in the flue gas?
H2 and CO
Pure water has a high resistivity
True or False?
TRUE
Adding salt to water in a sealed container will have what effect on the vapor space RH%?
Lower the RH%
if [H+] = [OH-], then we can say that:
The pH value is 7
Inner fill solution has a pH of 7
A deaerator is a vessel used to reduce ______ in boiler feedwater.
CO2 and O2
Identify two applications of dissolved oxygen (DO) measurement and the importance of DO measurement within each application.
- Boiler feedwater (Prevention of corrosion).
- The concentration of DO is an important indicator of the health of an aquatic ecosystem.
Heating filament and causing it to glow is an example of generating light via:
Incandescence
Which of the following moisture analyzers have windows that can become contaminated with residue?
- IR
- Chilled surface
Which of the following examples supports the inverse relationship between pH and pOH?
pH = 3 and pOH = 11
At a minimum, what two variables in the flue gas must be known to calculate burner efficiency using an efficiency chart?
CO and O2
Name three criteria for selecting the proper metal to meet a particular industrial application.
- Conductivity
- Corrosion resistance
- Malleability
- Temperature range of metal
A safe oxygen level in a work area is never below:
19.5%
Which of the following fuels requires the least amount of air for complete combustion?
Carbon monoxide
Using the following image as a reference, select the process description tag where the lowest concentration of H2S and CO2 exist:
Sour Gas > Rich Amine > Lean Amine > Sweet Gas
Sweet Gas Outlet
Process of gas sweetening
Which of the following Equations is true?
%w of moisture = (weight of water / weight of sample) x 100
Which of the following is a common product of incomplete combustion?
CO
A process solution changes in pH from 7.0 to 5.0, the equivalent change in voltage at the pH measuring probe is:
+ 118.3 mV
-59.16 mVDC per pH unit at 25°C
Ecell mVDC = slope x (pH –7) at 25 °C
Ecell mVDC = -59.16 x (5 –7) at 25 °C
Ecell mVDC = + 118.3 mV
The following image represents which type of technology?
<= Iout | Sample Cell (b) Path Length | <= I In
CO measurement using IR absorptive
The pH of boiler feedwater is:
Slightly basic
What is a buffer?
A solution that retains its known pH value, regardless of adding small amounts of acid or base
Identify four applications for conductivity measurement:
- Water Treatment
- Leak Detection
- Clean in place (for pharmaceutical/food/beverage industries)
- Interface Detection
Which moisture measurement is illustrated below?
*Picture of lots of light sources, Dew Point Transmitter, RTD etc.)
IR
Flammable gas analyzers fall under ______ electrical hazardous area.
Class I
Which of the following turbidimeters is made for high levels of turbidity but is immune to optics contamination?
Surface Scatter
Lean amine is sent to the regenerator to produce rich amine.
True or False?
FALSE
The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a medium is known as the index of:
Index of refraction
A new pH sensor will ideally produce -59.16 mV/pH graduation in a solution at 25C.
True or False?
TRUE
4 mg/L of dissolved oxygen in water is equivalent to ______ ppm.
4 ppm
What precautions are used to ensure any type of gas analyzer works accurately?
Sample flow rates, temperature and pressures must remain constant
The time taken to transport the sample from the process to the analyzer is defined as:
System lag time
Membrane filters use _______ as their principle of operation.
Coalescing
Specular reflection is:
Light bouncing off a smooth surface
Match the measurement with the technology:
a. __ Capacitance
b. __ Impedence
- Air dew point measurement
- RH of air
Capacitance - RH of Air
Impedence - Air Dew point measurement
The following reaction is an example of incomplete combustion. Carbon + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide
True or False?
FALSE
Which of the following solids moisture analyzers require simultaneously density measurement of the sample?
a. IR
b. Neutron
c. Microwave
d. N/A
b. Neutron
c. Microwave
A common method of reducing sample system lag time is to:
Include a fast loop
Turbidity samples are best taken from which point on a process pipe?
Side tap
When sampling a gas from a horizontal process pipe, the sample tap orientation is best located:
Top dead center of the process pipe
Which oxygen measurement technology requires reference to oxygen or reference air?
Zirconium oxide
Dew Point is:
The temperature to which a vapor must be cooled to produce condensation
A stick partially immersed in water appears bent as it enters the surface. What light property explains this?
Refraction
“Blow back” is a function typically associated with:
Filter probes
A porous metal screen that prevents hot gases from escaping into a potentially hazardous atmosphere or process is a / an:
Flashback arrestor
Small droplets coming together to form a large droplet is an example of:
Coalescing
A second stage building alarm is significant because:
A voice will direct you to evacuate the building
Which gas detector uses catalytic combustion as an operating principle?
Combustible gas
The cell output voltage in a ZrO2 sensor _______ as the O2 content increases
Decreases
As gas pressure in a vessel or pipe increases the water dew point ______.
Increases
When ignited, a uranium compound burns with a green flame. The wavelength of the light given off by this flame is greater than that of:
Ultraviolet light
Which form of electromagnetic radiation has the longest wavelengths?
Radio waves
X-ray radiation is associated with which type of interaction with matter?
Electronic transitions
Electrons moving into lower energy levels will release energy in the form of photons.
True or False?
TRUE
The term photon is associated with the particle nature of light. What effect is commonly used to support the existence of photons?
Photoelectric effect
Interference patterns are the result of:
Diffraction of light
Electrons travelling into higher energy levels or shells release energy; while those dropping to lower energy levels will require energy.
True or False?
FALSE
What is the wavelength of a photon of red light (in nm) whose frequency is 4.55x10E14 Hz?
659 nm
A reflected ray of light leaves a plain mirror’s surface at an angle of 60° relative to the normal. The angle of incidence is:
60° relative to the normal
Two water waves collide with each other. The result is a flat region with virtually no waves. This is an example of:
Destructive interference
Which group of electromagnetic radiation listed is arranged in order of decreasing frequency?
Order of decreasing frequency:
Ultraviolet, visible, IR
Flammable gas and/or toxic gas and/or O2 deficiency alarms in KA225 (analyzer lab) result in a simultaneous triggering of the building fire alarm.
True or False?
TRUE
Chemical burns and minor heat burns are both treated by vigorous washing in warm soapy water.
True or False?
FALSE
MSDS stands for:
Material Safety Data Sheet
Returning chemical back to the original container is permitted if it’s unused or excess.
True or False?
FALSE
Which valve closing order is correct after completion of a lab in the analyzer lab (KA225)?
Close the hand valve at the local panel first before closing the hand valve at the main regulator panel
Identify four key points of information found on a MSDS sheet:
- Description
- Short and long term exposure effects
- Fire and explosion hazard
- First aid
List the 2 T’s:
- Time
- Turbulence
- Temperature
List the 3 common effluent
CO2
2H2O
SO2
Describe portable vs personal
Portable:
Carried with the employee and used to test an environment before entry
Personal:
- Convenient to use
- Small in size and weight
- Normally worn on the outside layer of clothing
Define magnetic wind:
The flow or flow rate
Define Toxic gas:
Toxic gases are defined as any gas that causes damage to living tissues and has an injurious or fatal effect on the body when inhaled
What is the most common form of toxic gas?
The most common toxic gas that you will encounter is hydrogen sulphide
Name the three conditions that must exist for galvanic corrosion to occur:
- Common electrolyte
- Potential difference
- Path of external conduction
Name two factors that determine the rate of galvanic corrosion:
- Potential difference between the materials
2. Nature of their environment
ZrO2 is a _______ material
ceramic
O2 ions pass through ZrO2 material when it’s heated above _______.
600 °C
The movement of O2 ions is by _______through the material from a high concentration of O2 to a _______.
- diffusion
- low concentration
Key calibration considerations:
- Cell output DECREASES as temperature ______.
- Cell output DECREASES as O2 concentration ______.
- Cell output is _______.
- Cell output is ______ when the sample concentration is ______ or ______ to the reference concentration of 20.9 %
- Cell output is ______ when the sample concentration is ______.
- decreases
- increases
- logarithmic
- zero, highest, equal
- highest, lowest
*IMPORTANT
The air we breathe is composed of __ ____, __ ____, __ ____ and, __ ____.
- 1% nitrogen
- 9% oxygen
- 9% argon
- 1% other gases
Oxygen-deficient is when the concentration is less than __%, and enriched is when oxygen is greater than __%
19.5%
23%
What material would you choose to make a sample cell window from that allows for the best transmittance of light?
The best transmittance of light has a lower index of refraction, in this case, quartz is the best option.
By having a lower index of refraction, the light will, therefore, bend less within the sample cell.
Define ORP:
Oxidation-Reduction Potential
