Final Review

Question 1

Where is DNA located?

Answer 1

In all cells except RBCs, and in the nucleus

Question 2

What are chromosomes?

Answer 2

Long threads of DNA

Question 3

What is a genome?

Answer 3

Sum of all DNA in somatic cells

Question 4

DNA is what shape?

Answer 4

Double Helix

Question 5

What 2 nitrogen bases are purines?

Answer 5

A and G

Question 6

What 2 nitrogen bases are pyrimidines?

Answer 6

T and C

Question 7

What 2 nitrogen bases are double ring structures?

Answer 7

A and G

Question 8

What 2 nitrogen bases are single ring structures?

Answer 8

T and C

Question 9

What is Chargaff’s Rule?

Answer 9

The amount of A=T, and the amount of G=C

Question 10

What is a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 10

Has no membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

Question 11

What is a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 11

Has membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

Question 12

Where is DNA in a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 12

98% in nucleus, 2% in mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA

Question 13

What is the Griffith Experiment?

Answer 13

He put hereditary info from dead cells into live cells

Question 14

What is the Hershey-Chase Experiment?

Answer 14

Discovered DNA is the genetic material for life

Question 15

What is Franklin famous for?

Answer 15

X-ray photography of DNA

Question 16

What did Watson and Crick establish?

Answer 16

The double helix model of DNA

Question 17

What did Morgan discover?

Answer 17

Genes of chromosomes (with fruit flies)

Question 18

How are genomes organized?

Answer 18

in chromosomes

Question 19

How does DNA form a chromosome?

Answer 19

DNA wraps around the histone to form a chromosome

Question 20

Semiconservative

Answer 20

half old/half new

Question 21

What happens during initiation of DNA replication?

Answer 21

Helicase unwinds and unzips DNA at the origins of replication (replication forks)

Question 22

What happens during elongation of DNA replication?

Answer 22

New nucleotides are added to exposed strands with DNA polymerase

Question 23

How are nucleotides glued to the leading and lagging strands, and with what?

Answer 23

Leading strand=continuous,
Lagging strand=chunks
glued by ligase

Question 24

What happens during termination in DNA replication?

Answer 24

• DNA polymerase proofreads and corrects mistakes

- DNA winds back up into 2 identical strands ( 2 sister chromatid)

Question 25

How many essential amino acids are there?

Answer 25

20

Question 26

What happens during transcription?

Answer 26

DNA unwinds and unzips, mRNA makes a complimentary copy of the exposed gene (RNA polymerase), a single strand of mRNA is created, exits nucleus via nuclear pore

Question 27

Silent Mutation

Answer 27

no effect

Question 28

Mis-sense mutation

Answer 28

harmful

Question 29

Non-sense

Answer 29

protein can't be produced

Question 30

Frameshift mutation

Answer 30

insertion or deletion of a base pair, alters the codons, usually results in non-sense

Question 31

Restriction enzymes

Answer 31

genetic scissors (cut and rejoin palindromes)

Question 32

Recombinant DNA technology

Answer 32

small piece of gene cut using a restrictioin enzyme to open sample, glued in with ligase

Question 33

gel electrophoresis

Answer 33

separating DNA fragments (cut with restriction enzymes according to length using electricity through gel)

Question 34

cloning

Answer 34

remove haploid nucleus from egg, inserting diploid nucleus into enucleated egg

Question 35

polymerase chain reaction

Answer 35

rapid gene replication

Question 36

euploidy

Answer 36

a whole set of chromosomes

Question 37

aneuploidy

Answer 37

less or more chromosomes than normal

Question 38

nondisjunction

Answer 38

chromosomes fail to separate properly

Question 39

amniocentesis

Answer 39

needle is used to extract amniotic fluid with fetal cells

Question 40

chorion villus biopsy

Answer 40

extract cells directly from chorion

Question 41

how are karyotypes organized

Answer 41

by size and bonding patterns

Question 42

budding

Answer 42

nucleus divides and small bud breaks off

Question 43

binary fission

Answer 43

nucleus replicates and divides, cell splits

Question 44

vegetative propogation

Answer 44

plant breaks off