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Biology 30 > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is DNA located?

A

In all cells except RBCs, and in the nucleus

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2
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Long threads of DNA

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3
Q

What is a genome?

A

Sum of all DNA in somatic cells

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4
Q

DNA is what shape?

A

Double Helix

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5
Q

What 2 nitrogen bases are purines?

A

A and G

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6
Q

What 2 nitrogen bases are pyrimidines?

A

T and C

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7
Q

What 2 nitrogen bases are double ring structures?

A

A and G

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8
Q

What 2 nitrogen bases are single ring structures?

A

T and C

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9
Q

What is Chargaff’s Rule?

A

The amount of A=T, and the amount of G=C

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10
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

Has no membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

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11
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

Has membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

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12
Q

Where is DNA in a eukaryotic cell?

A

98% in nucleus, 2% in mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA

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13
Q

What is the Griffith Experiment?

A

He put hereditary info from dead cells into live cells

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14
Q

What is the Hershey-Chase Experiment?

A

Discovered DNA is the genetic material for life

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15
Q

What is Franklin famous for?

A

X-ray photography of DNA

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16
Q

What did Watson and Crick establish?

A

The double helix model of DNA

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17
Q

What did Morgan discover?

A

Genes of chromosomes (with fruit flies)

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18
Q

How are genomes organized?

A

in chromosomes

19
Q

How does DNA form a chromosome?

A

DNA wraps around the histone to form a chromosome

20
Q

Semiconservative

A

half old/half new

21
Q

What happens during initiation of DNA replication?

A

Helicase unwinds and unzips DNA at the origins of replication (replication forks)

22
Q

What happens during elongation of DNA replication?

A

New nucleotides are added to exposed strands with DNA polymerase

23
Q

How are nucleotides glued to the leading and lagging strands, and with what?

A

Leading strand=continuous,
Lagging strand=chunks
glued by ligase

24
Q

What happens during termination in DNA replication?

A
  • DNA polymerase proofreads and corrects mistakes

- DNA winds back up into 2 identical strands ( 2 sister chromatid)

25
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

A

20

26
Q

What happens during transcription?

A

DNA unwinds and unzips, mRNA makes a complimentary copy of the exposed gene (RNA polymerase), a single strand of mRNA is created, exits nucleus via nuclear pore

27
Q

Silent Mutation

A

no effect

28
Q

Mis-sense mutation

A

harmful

29
Q

Non-sense

A

protein can’t be produced

30
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

insertion or deletion of a base pair, alters the codons, usually results in non-sense

31
Q

Restriction enzymes

A

genetic scissors (cut and rejoin palindromes)

32
Q

Recombinant DNA technology

A

small piece of gene cut using a restrictioin enzyme to open sample, glued in with ligase

33
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

separating DNA fragments (cut with restriction enzymes according to length using electricity through gel)

34
Q

cloning

A

remove haploid nucleus from egg, inserting diploid nucleus into enucleated egg

35
Q

polymerase chain reaction

A

rapid gene replication

36
Q

euploidy

A

a whole set of chromosomes

37
Q

aneuploidy

A

less or more chromosomes than normal

38
Q

nondisjunction

A

chromosomes fail to separate properly

39
Q

amniocentesis

A

needle is used to extract amniotic fluid with fetal cells

40
Q

chorion villus biopsy

A

extract cells directly from chorion

41
Q

how are karyotypes organized

A

by size and bonding patterns

42
Q

budding

A

nucleus divides and small bud breaks off

43
Q

binary fission

A

nucleus replicates and divides, cell splits

44
Q

vegetative propogation

A

plant breaks off

Biology 30 (1 decks)

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