Final Review Flashcards
Probability
Quantified measurements of likelihood either that something will happen or that something is true
The principle of indifference
When we have no reason to suppose otherwise we should assume that all outcomes are equally likely
Relative frequency theory
Probability equals a measure of how often an event of a certain type occurs
Subjectivism
Probability is a measure of the subject agree or belief in some facts or event
Logical probability
Two major assumptions
1. All possibilities outcomes of a given situation can be determined
- Each possible outcome has an equal probability of occurring
Propensity theories
- Probability is based on the innate capacity of an object to behave a certain way
- Strong for probabilities of unique events and statistical information
Population
Any group Of objects not just human populations
Sample
A subset of a population
Representative
A sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population as a whole
Random sample
When every member of the population has an equal chance of getting into the sample
Variable of interest
The property being measured or investigated
Biased sample
Occurs when a sample is not representative of the population
Example: a political poll that surveys on democrats
Mean
A statistical average that is determined by adding the numerical values in the data concerning the examined objects, then dividing by the number of objects that were measured
Median
A statistical average that is determined by locating the value that separates the entire set of data in half
Mode
A statistical average that is determined by locating the value that occurs the most
Standard deviation
A measure of the amount of diversity in a set of numerical values
Prisoners dilemma
Arise when two conditions are met
1) people’s interests are affected not only by what they do, but by what others do as well
2) people will end up worse off if they act selfishly rather than relinquishing or postponing selfish desires
The original position
People are allowed to choose principles of justice prior to any existing political or social arrangement
The veil of ignorance
One knows nothing of his or her position in society, economic background, talents or privileges
