Final Review Flashcards
Basic unit of life:
Cell
Largest level of organization:
Biosphere
Stages of the cell cycle:
Interphase and Mitotic Stage
3 characteristics of DNA Replication:
- Takes place before cells division.
- Is the process of copying one DNA molecule into two identical molecules.
- The two daughter DNA molecules will be identical to the parent molecule.
Main function of the cell membrane:
Regulates entrance and exit of molecules into and out of the cell.
Site of protein synthesis:
Ribosomes
Processing and modification of proteins:
RER
Collects, sorts, packages and distributes materials:
Golgi apparatus
Membrane bound vesicles that contain digestive enzymes:
Lysosomes
Site of photosynthesis:
Chloroplast
Help organize microtubules during animal cell division:
Centrioles
The cell theory states that:
- The cell is the smallest unit of life.
- Cells only arise from pre-existing cells.
- All living things are composed of cells or cell products.
Phase of cellular respiration takes place outside the mitochondria:
Glycolisis
Phase of cellular respiration that produces from 32-36 ATPS:
Electron Transport Chain
Product of cellular respiration:
Carbon Dioxide, water, and ATP (GLUCOSE)
Nucleotide monomers form:
Nucleic acids
Site of photosynthesis:
Chloroplast
Site of cellular respiration:
Mitochondria
DNA structure:
- Bases are attached to the sugar, but projected to the side.
- Double stranded
- Strands go in opposite directions, antiparallel.
- Strands are held together by a hydrogen bond
ATP is formed by:
1 sugar base + 1 adenine base + 3 phosphate groups
Physical and functional unit of heredity:
Gene
7 characteristics of living things:
- They are organized.
- They acquire materials and energy.
- They are homeostatic.
- They respond to stimuli.
- They reproduce
- They grow and develop.
- They adapt and evolve.
Physical appearance with regard a trait:
Phenotype
Process of pairing and ordering chromosomes:
Karyogram or Karyotype
What is a nondisjunction?
Failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis.
When the zygote misses 1 chromosome:
Monosomy
Process of meiosis I that increases genetic variation, where the chromatids are no longer identical:
Crossing over
Number of cells mitosis produces:
2
Number of cells meiosis produces:
4
2 characteristicS of meiosis:
- Cells are diploid at the beginning and haploid at the end.
- Occurs in the life of sexual and asexual organisms.
How many chromosomes does a diploid cell has?
46 chromosomes
Mitosis phase in which centromeres divide:
Anaphase
Reactants and products of light reactions:
Water, light = oxygen
Reactants and products of dark reactions (Calvin cycle):
Co2 = glucose (G3P)
Lacks of nucleus:
Prokaryotic cell
Transport that requires energy, move from a low concentration to a high concentration gradient:
Active transport
Transport that doesn’t require energy, moves from a high concentration to a low concentration gradient:
Passive transport
Name all the active transports:
- Exocytosis
- Endocytosis
- Active transport
Name all the passive transports:
- Difussion
- Osmosis
- Facilitated diffusion
Plants store their energy in the form of:
Starch
Large areas of land with grass (usually very few trees):
Grassland
Extremely hot in the day and extremely cold at night, camels live there:
Dessert
Coldest biome in the world:
Tundra
Lakes, ponds, streams and rivers:
Freshwater ecosystem
Sharks, turtles, whales, dolphins:
Marine ecosystem
Ecosystem where there is a lot of rain, high humidity and therefore it is rich in species:
Forests
Ecosystem that is formed by bodies of water, which is not salt water:
Freshwater ecosystems
Ecosystem that consists of large areas of shrubs, it can be plain or have mountains:
Chaparral
Lead to an increase in cell number:
Cellular division
Lead to a decrease in cell number:
Apoptosis and necrosis
Premature death of cells due to factors external to the cell, such as infections, toxins or trauma:
Necrosis
Which process occurs at the same time that meiosis and mitosis?
Cytokinesis
OCCUR IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF SEXUALLY REPRODUCING ORGANISMS:
Meiosis I, Meiosis II
NO REPLICATION OF DNA OCCURS:
Meiosis II
CELLS ARE DIPLOID AT THE BEGINNING AND HAPLOID AT THE END:
Meiosis I
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT AND CROSSING OVER HAPPENS:
Meiosis I
NONDISJUNCTION:
Meiosis I, Meiosis II
PRODUCES 4 DAUGHTER CELLS:
Meiosis II
PRODUCES 2 DAUGHTER CELLS:
Mitosis, Meiosis I
DAUGHTER CELLS ARE GENETICALLY VARIABLE:
Meiosis I, Meiosis II
DAUGHTER CELLS ARE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL:
Mitosis
CELLS ARE ALWAYS DIPLOID:
Mitosis
What are the 3 main stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and Electron Transport Chain
Life was originated outside our planet and some molecules hit the earth and from those molecules life was started.
Panspermia
Mitochondria exists in eukaryotic cells because bacteria once lived in endosymbiosis with prokaryotic cells:
Endosymbiosis theory
Difference between growth and development:
Growth is increasing on size and number of cells and development is the changes from conception and death.
The independent variable is also known as:
Experimental variable
Which organelle is in charge of digesting wastes?
Lysosome
2 subunits, protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Stores DNA
Cilia and Flagella
Helps cell movement
Stores water, pigments, and toxins.
Vacuoles
Centrioles
Helps cilia and flagella, cell division
Believes that there’s not enough space for humans in the world:
Thomas Malthus
Acquired inheritance:
Lamarck
Natural selection and survival of the fittest:
Darwin
The role of an organism in an ecosystem:
Trophic level
Relationships between the same specie:
Intraspecific
Relationship between organisms where both get a benefit:
Mutualism
Relationship between organisms where one kills and eats the other one:
Parasitism
Relationship between organisms where one gets a benefit and the other one is neither harmed nor benefitted:
Commensalism
A community and its physical environment:
Ecosystem
FLOW OF ENERGY between trophic levels:
Food chain
