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Geo 3080 > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Steps for miller index by looking at plane:

A
  1. determine parameters, 2. invert parameters, 3. clear fractions
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2
Q

What do { } mean for miller indices?

A

symmetrical equivalence of plane

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3
Q

What do ( ) mean for miller indices?

A

single plane

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4
Q

What do [ ] mean for miller indices?

A

single direction

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5
Q

What do < > mean for miller indices?

A

symmetric equivalence, direction

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6
Q

How do you know where a mineral last reached equilibrium given solvus diagram?

A

On solvus diagram, and given mineral info, you know temp last reached equilibrium by going to solvus line at percent of that mineral and drawing over to find temp

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7
Q

What is the equation for diffusion coefficient?

A

D=l^2/t

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8
Q

What is diffusion related to?

A

Diffusion is related to defect concentration

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9
Q

At what temperature is diffusion favored? Why?

A

Diffusion favored at higher temps, more defects at higher temp, atoms vibrate faster, more likely to hop positions

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10
Q

What diffuses faster: smaller or larger atoms?

A

smaller atoms

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11
Q

Define diffusion

A

chemical transport through a medium

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12
Q

Define liquidus:

A

line at which compositions of melt are at equilibrium with a crstalline phase

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13
Q

Define solidus:

A

line at which compositions of crstalline phase are in equillibrium with the melt

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14
Q

What mineral has a higher melting point on a phase diagram?

A

The one that turns to a melt at a higher temp, duh.

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15
Q

Quartz formula

A

SiO2

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16
Q

What category is quartz?

A

tectosilicate

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17
Q

Kaolinite formula

A

Al2Si2O5(OH)4

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18
Q

What category is kaolinite

A

phyllosilicate

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19
Q

Olivine formula

A

(Mg,Fe)2SiO4

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20
Q

What category is olivine?

A

nesosilicate

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21
Q

Define polymerization

A

linking of SiO4 tetrahedra due to the O2- having the potential to bond to another silicon ion and entering into another tetrahedral group

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22
Q

Nesosilicates/orthosilicates:

A

independent/isolated tetrahedra

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23
Q

Sorosilicates/disilicates:

A

Si2O7, two SiO4 groups linked

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24
Q

Cyclosilicates:

A

four-fold tetrahedra rings, Si4O12

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25
Q

Chain Silicates (inosilicates):

A

single, Si4O11, double Si8O22

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26
Q

Sheet silicates (phyllosilicates):

A

Si2O5, 3 oxygens of tetrahedra shared w/others

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27
Q

framework silicates (tectosilicates):

A

all four O shared, SiO2

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28
Q

radius ratio=

A

Rcation/Ranion

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29
Q

define coordination number:

A

the number anions in the polyhedron surrounding the cation

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30
Q

what does radius ratio dictate?

A

Dictates how many anions can fit snuggly around the cation

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31
Q

What is the rule for coordination and cations and anions?

A

cations must maintain contact with anions

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32
Q

What is the relationship between radius ratio and coordination number?

A

larger radius ratio=larger coordination number

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33
Q

What is the relationship between pressure and radius ratio?

A

With increased pressure, cation to anion increases, anions compressable

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34
Q

General formula of pyroxene

A

XYZ2O6

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35
Q

Possible M2 ions

A

Na+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Mg2+, Li+

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36
Q

Possible M1 ions

A

Mn2+, Fe2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Cr3+, Ti4+

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37
Q

Possilbe T ions

A

Si4+, Al3+

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38
Q

common pyroxenes

A

wollastonite, enstatite, ferrosilite, diopside, hedenbergite

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39
Q

wollastonite formula

A

CaSiO3

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40
Q

enstatite formula

A

MgSiO3

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41
Q

ferrosilite formula

A

FeSiO3

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42
Q

diposide formula

A

CaMgSi2O6

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43
Q

hedenbergite formula

A

CaFeSi2O6

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44
Q

bond strength=

A

ions valence chage/coordination number

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45
Q

relationship between bond strength and cleavage?

A

greater the bond strength, less likely to cleave

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46
Q

pyroxene cleavage angle

A

90ř

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47
Q

amphibole cleavage angle

A

120ř

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48
Q

is pyroxene a single or double chain silicate?

A

single

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49
Q

is amphibole a single or double chain silicate?

A

double

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50
Q

draw a pyroxene and amphibole with cleavage angles.

A

pg. 3

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51
Q

define dioctahedral

A

sheet structure in which each oxygen or (OH) group is only surrounded by two cations

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52
Q

define trioctahedral

A

sheet structure in which each oxygen or (OH) group is only surrounded by three cations

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53
Q

common cation for dioctahedral

A

Al

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54
Q

common cation for trioctahedral

A

Mg

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55
Q

What are the four tetrahedral, octahedral layering types?

A

TO; TOT; TOT+interlayer cation; TOT+brucite like sheet

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56
Q

Draw the four TO layering types

A

pg. 3

57
Q

Example of TO layer

A

kaolinte

58
Q

kaolinte formula

A

Al2Si2O5(OH)4

59
Q

kaolinite di or tri

A

dioctahedral

60
Q

TOT example

A

talc

61
Q

talc formula

A

Mg3Si4O10(OH)2

62
Q

talc di or tri

A

trioctahedral

63
Q

TOT+interlayer cation example

A

muscovite

64
Q

muscovite formula

A

KAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH)2

65
Q

muscovite di or tri

A

dioctahedral

66
Q

TOT+brucite like sheet example

A

chlorite

67
Q

chlorite formula

A

(Mg,Fe)3(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2*(Mg,Fe)3(OH)6

68
Q

chlorite di or tri

A

trioctahedral

69
Q

Define exsolution:

A

Process whereby an initially homogenous solid solution separates into two (or possibly more) distinct crstalline minerals without addition or remove of material to or from system. (no change in bulk composition)

70
Q

Define perthite:

A

texture, like in alkali feldspar system, exsolution lamellae approx. parallel to {100}. Coarse grained intergrowths consit of Na-rich feldspar lamellae exsolved from a K-rich host.

71
Q

Si:O ratio pyroxenes

A

1Si:3O

72
Q

Si:O ratio amphiboles:

A

4Si:11O

73
Q

what is typically hydrated: pyroxenes or amphiboles?

A

amphiboles

74
Q

What happens to water content during metamorphism? What is this generallly called?

A

Decreases, devolatization

75
Q

Draw a diagram for pyroxenes

A

Pg. 4

76
Q

Wollastonite formula

A

Ca2Si2O6

77
Q

hedenburgite formula

A

CaFeSi2O6

78
Q

Ferrosilite formula

A

Fe2Si2O6

79
Q

Enstatite formula

A

Mg2Si2O6

80
Q

diposide formula

A

CaMgSi2O6

81
Q

amphibole diagram

A

Pg. 6

82
Q

tremolite formula

A

Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2

83
Q

ferroactinolite formula

A

Ca2Fe5Si8O22(OH)2

84
Q

grunerite formula

A

Fe7Si8O22(OH)2

85
Q

cummingtonite-grunerite series formula

A

(Fe,Mg)7Si8O22(OH)2

86
Q

anthophyllite series formula

A

(Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2

87
Q

anthophyllite formula

A

Mg7Si8O22(OH)2

88
Q

Si:O ratio nesosilicates

A

1Si:4O

89
Q

what is a nesosilicate?

A

isolated tetrahedra

90
Q

Si:O ratio sorosilicates

A

2Si:7O

91
Q

What is a sorosilicate?

A

two tetrahedra connected in center

92
Q

Si:O ratio cyclosilicates

A

1Si:3O

93
Q

What is a cyclosilicate?

A

circle, 3 oxygens

94
Q

Define solid solution

A

a minerals ability to allow extensive substitutions between certain elements among specific sites in the crystal structure and therefore has a variety of possible chemical compositions

95
Q

Give an example of a solid solution mineral

A

olivine

96
Q

olivine end members

A

forsterite, fayalite

97
Q

forsterite formula

A

Mg2SiO4

98
Q

fayalite formula

A

Fe2SiO4

99
Q

Kyalnite, andalucite, sillimainte phase diagram

A

pg. 6

100
Q

What does the presence of kyanite, andalucite, sillimanite indicate about metamorphism?

A

Indicates grade of metamorphism

101
Q

Garnet general formula:

A

A3B2(Si3O12)

102
Q

Garnet A sites:

A

cubic, contain large divalent cations (Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn)

103
Q

Garnet B sites:

A

octahedral, smaller trivalent cations (Al, Fe)

104
Q

Garnet groups

A

pyralspite, ugrandite

105
Q

difference between garnet groups

A

pyralspite no Ca in A site, Al in B site; ugrandite Ca in A site

106
Q

Si:O ratio tectosilicates

A

1Si:2O

107
Q

Si:O ratio alkali feldspars

A

4(3Al,1Si):2O

108
Q

Si:O ratio plagioclase feldspars

A

4(2Al,2Si):2O

109
Q

define coupled substitution:

A

charge balance, less Al when a higher charged cation is subbed in

110
Q

What are the two main feldspar solid solutions?

A

alkali feldspars, plagioclase feldspars

111
Q

alkali feldspar formulae

A

KAlSi3O8 and NaAlSi3O8

112
Q

plagioclase feldspar formula

A

NaAlSi3O8 and CaAl2Si3O8

113
Q

feldspar end members

A

orthoclase, albite, anorthite

114
Q

orthoclase formula

A

KAlSi3O8

115
Q

albite formula

A

NaAlSi3O8

116
Q

anorthite formula

A

CaAl2Si2O8

117
Q

What conditions do feldspathoids form?

A

only form in melts with low SiO2

118
Q

Feldspar diagram

A

Pg. 7

119
Q

Si:O ratio micas

A

4Si:10O (1Al,3Si):10O

120
Q

Si:O serpentine

A

2Si:5O

121
Q

Si:O talc

A

4Si:10O

122
Q

Si:O chlorite

A

4(Si,Al):10O

123
Q

what makes something trioctahedral?

A

If substitution in octahedral layer is Mg2+ or Fe2+, the structure will be trioctaderal

124
Q

What makes something dioctahedral?

A

If substitution in octahedral layer is Al3+, the structure will be dioctahedral

125
Q

What is the reason something forms trioctahedral vs dioctahedral?

A

Due to a difference in charge. In trioctahedral, all octahedral sites are occupied, in dioctahedral strcutures, only 2/3 cation sites filled

126
Q

Difference between clinopyroxenes and orthopyroxenes?

A

Clinopyroxenes contain Ca cation, orthopyroxenes do not

127
Q

What do pyroxenes form?

A

blocky structures

128
Q

What do amphiboles form?

A

rhombic structures

129
Q

pyroxene cleavage angle

A

90

130
Q

amphibole cleavage angle

A

120

131
Q

Draw a sketch of nesosilicates

A

pg. 8

132
Q

Draw a sketch of sorosilicates

A

pg. 8

133
Q

draw a sketch of cyclosilicates

A

pg. 8

134
Q

Draw a sketch of inosilicates

A

pg. 8

135
Q

another word for inosilicates

A

chain silicates

136
Q

Draw a sketch for phyllosilicates

A

pg. 8

137
Q

Draw a sketch for tectosilicates

A

pg. 8

138
Q

Relationship between cation charge and ionic radius. Why?

A

bigger cation charge = smaller ionic radius; less electrons, less electron-electron repulsion, smaller

139
Q

What do hexagonal close pack and cubic close pack have in common?

A

Both 12 CN

Geo 3080 (8 decks)

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