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Major Events in the History of Life > Final review > Flashcards

Final review Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell walls are made of

A

cellulose

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2
Q

Cellulose is a polymer of

A

glucose (sugar)

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3
Q

Define rhizome

A

rootlike stem, stem which shoots out roots from its nodes

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4
Q

The rhizome (underground stem) is useful for

A

water absorption

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5
Q

The xylem is

A

Water-conducting tissue (thick-walled)

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6
Q

Plants hold in water by having a

A

waxy skin

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7
Q

Stomata are

A

pores, occuring in plant stems and leaves, used to control water loss and gaseous exchange through the cuticle

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8
Q

The phloem is

A

Nutrient-conducting tissue (thin-walled)

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9
Q

To grow tall, plants need

A

lignified tubes (lignin is commonly derived from wood)

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10
Q

Define cutin

A

a waxy polymer used to protect spores

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11
Q

Water-conducting, soda straw-like tubes

A

xylem

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12
Q

An early land plant

A

Rhynia

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13
Q

Body cell division

A

mitosis

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14
Q

Sex cell division

A

meiosis

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15
Q

Define gametes

A

sex cells (e.g. eggs and sperm)

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16
Q

Haploid sperm and eggs unite to produce

A

diploid zygote

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17
Q

In plants, spores are produced by a process called

A

meiosis

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18
Q

A sporophyte is a

A

diploid spore-producing plant

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19
Q

Haploid spores germinate and divide by

A

mitosis

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20
Q

Germination is

A

the process by which plants, fungus and bacteria emerge from seeds and spores, and begin growth.

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21
Q

A gametophyte is a

A

haploid gamete-producing plant

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22
Q

Haploid eggs and sperm are made by a process called

A

mitosis

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23
Q

A trilete mark is a

A

“Y”-shaped mark on spores

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24
Q

Gemetophyte is

A

the portion of the plant life cycle producing sex cells (gametes)

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25
Q

Advantages of life in water

A

1) . Water provides a supporting protective medium that contains dissolved nutrients ad gases
2) . Water is less subjective to extremes of temperatures than air
3) . Water serves as a medium for motile phases of the life cycle

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26
Q

Disadvantages of life on land

A

1) . Subjective to lack of water (water stress)
2) . Greater seasonal and diurnal temperature change
3) . Susceptible to fluctuations in UV radiation

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27
Q

Define subaerial

A

Existing, occurring, or formed in the open air or on the Earth’s surface, not than underwater or undergroud

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28
Q

What does it mean for the xylem to be lignified?

A

Thickened and strengthened by lignin, a type of organic compound

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29
Q

The sporophyte is

A

the spore-producing portion of the plant life cycle

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30
Q

What constitutes the woody tissue

A

xylem

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31
Q

Spores are produced in

A

sporangia (“spore sacs”)

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32
Q

In higher plants, spores are always produced by

A

meiosis

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33
Q

Spores are haploid. This means that

A

they have one-half of the set of chromosomes that occurs in the body cells of the “adult” sporophyte plant

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34
Q

Trilete marks are a result of

A

spores being produced in groups of four by meiosis.

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35
Q

Haploid spores divide by

A

mitosis

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36
Q

Haploid spores divide by mitosis to produce

A

small gamete-producing plants (the gametophytes)

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37
Q

Because higher plant spores are haploid, and because the gametophyte is produced via mitotic growth, the gametophyte generation is

A

haploid

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38
Q

Fusion of the haploid gametes is called

A

syngamy

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39
Q

Gametes are units of

A

sexual reproduction

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40
Q

Spores are units of

A

asexual reproduction

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41
Q

Syngamy produces a

A

diploid zygote

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42
Q

The zygote produced via syngamy grows via

A

mitosis

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43
Q

As the zygote grows, it produces an embryo and, ultimately,

A

the diploid spore-producing (sporophyte) generation

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44
Q

Unlike Cooksonia (410 Ma), Rhynia (400 Ma) had both

A

a phloem for movement of nutrients as well as a xylem for water transport and supporting body cells (cortex).

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45
Q

The earliest land plant was

A

Cooksonia

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46
Q

The first true vascular terrestrial plant was

A

Rhynia

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47
Q

The earliest land plants (Cooksonia, Rhynia) are classified as

A

Rhyniophytina

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48
Q

Cooksonia, Aglaophyton and Rhynia did not have any

A

leaves

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49
Q

Zosterophyllum had leaves in the form of

A

small scale-like appendages to the stem

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50
Q

Sawdonia is part of the group

A

Zosterophyllophytina (390 Ma)

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51
Q

Microphylls are

A

“small” leaves

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52
Q

The Rhyniophytina had a stem that was

A

naked (no leaves)

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53
Q

The Zosterophyllophytina had a stem that had

A

spines (no ldaves)

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54
Q

The Lycophytina had a stem that had

A

microphylls (small leaves with central mid-vein)

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55
Q

The earliest plant with true leaves was the

A

asteroxylon (earliest lycophyte)

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56
Q

The xylem of asteroxylon was in the shape of

A

a star (asteroxylon = “star-wood”)

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57
Q

The lycophytina had spore sacs on

A

the upper surface of leaves

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58
Q

The leaves of Lycophytina were arranged

A

spirally

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59
Q

The Lepidodendron (320 Ma), grouped as Lycophytina, was a

A

giant scale tree with spore cones and spirally arranged leaf bases

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60
Q

Give two examples of Rhyniophytina

A

Cooksonia and Rhynia

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61
Q

Give an example of a Zosterophyllophytina

A

Sawdonia

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62
Q

Give two examples of Lycophytina

A

Asteroxylon and Lepidodendron

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63
Q

What are two characteristics of Rhyniophytina?

A

Naked stems, no leaves

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64
Q

What are two characteristics of Zosterophyllophytina?

A

Spines on stems but no leaves

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65
Q

What is one characteristic of the Lycophytina?

A

Microphylls (“small leaves”) with central mid-vein

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66
Q

What is the earliest Lycophyte?

A

Asteroxylon

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67
Q

Stigmaria are

A

the roots of Lepidodendrons

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68
Q

Distinguish between nodes and internodes of Horsetails (Equisetum)

A

Nodes are spirals from which branches protrude, internodes are the spaces between the spirals

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69
Q

Horsetails are part of which group?

A

Sphenophytina

70
Q

Give one example of a Sphenophyte

A

Calamites (ancient horsetail)

71
Q

Define megaphylls

A

“Big leaves”

72
Q

The spore sacs of modern fern leaves are located at

A

the leaf margin (leaf end)

73
Q

The earliest seed plants were

A

seed ferns

74
Q

The “missing link” between spore and seed plants were

A

seed ferns, which had leaves like ferns but seeds, not spores.

75
Q

What is considered to be the link from spore plants (ferns) to all later seed plants?

A

Seed ferns (regular ferns reproduce using spores)!

76
Q

Name 2 things that ferns lack

A

Flowers and seeds (ferns reproduce using spores)

77
Q

Who first noted the fit of South America and Africa?

A

Francis Bacon (1620)

78
Q

Who formally proposed continental drift (movement of Earth’s continents relative to each other)?

A

Alfred Wegener (1922)

79
Q

Dicot leaves are those with

A

branching veins.

80
Q

Monocot leaves are those with

A

parallel veins (e.g. corn, palms).

81
Q

The epidermis of early land plants is their

A

waxy skin.

82
Q

Diploid body cells divide by

A

mitosis (keyword: body cells)

83
Q

A diploid spore-producing plant is called a

A

sporophyte.

84
Q

Haploid eggs and sperm in plants are produced by a process called

A

mitosis.

85
Q

Trilete marks are produced on which surface of s spore?

A

Inner surface

86
Q

To reproduce, spores require

A

water.

87
Q

Arrange the following primitive land plants in order of their successive sequence: Zosterophyllophytina, Lycophytina, Rhyniophytina.

A

Rhyniophytina -> Zosterophyllophytina -> Lycophytina

88
Q

The Paleozoic spore plants included

A

1) . Scale trees
2) . Horsetails
3) . Ferns

89
Q

Ferns reproduce by spreading

A

spores.

90
Q

Megaphylls originated when Rhyniophyte V-branching developed

A

umbrella-like webbing.

91
Q

Sporangia are the

A

spore sacs.

92
Q

In ferns, where are the spore sacs located?

A

At the leaf margins

93
Q

“Naked seed” plants are called

A

gymnosperms.

94
Q

Describe the earliest seed plants.

A

Seed ferns. They had leaves like ferns but seeds, not spores.

95
Q

Ferns are linked to seed plants through

A

seed ferns.

96
Q

The seeds of seed ferns are located at

A

the leaf mid-veins.

97
Q

Mesozoic seed plants include

A

seed ferns, cycads, Ginkgo, and conifers.

98
Q

“Protected seed” plants are called

A

angiosperms.

99
Q

Animals without backbones date from the

A

Cambrian explosion

100
Q

When did the Cambrian explosion occur?

A

570-530 Ma ago.

101
Q

Summarize the phylogenetic tree

A

Protists and sponges -> Lower invertebrates (jelly fish, flatworms) => Path divides -> 1). Insects 2). Humans

102
Q

Describe protists

A

Unicellular eukaryotes

103
Q

What are protozoans?

A

Non-photosynthetic protists

104
Q

In the phylogenetic tree, sponges are termed

A

porifera.

105
Q

In sponges, spicules serve to provide

A

shape.

106
Q

In the phylogenetic tree, all animals belong to the class

A

metazoa.

107
Q

In the phylogenetic tree, all animals except sponges are termed

A

eumetazoa.

108
Q

How many cells layers are in the tissues of coelenterates?

A

Two (ectoderm, endoderm).

109
Q

Coelenterates include

A

corals, jellyfish.

110
Q

How many cell layers are in the tissues and organs of Bilateria?

A

Three

111
Q

Bilateria include

A

flatworms, arthropods, vertebrates, brachiopods, echinoderms, mollusks.

112
Q

What are the earliest bilaterians?

A

Flatworms

113
Q

latyhelmenthes are the

A

flatworms.

114
Q

The primary characteristic of acoelomates is

A

a body composed of slid tissue (no coelom).

115
Q

A coelom is

A

the main body cavity between the body wall and the digestive tract.

116
Q

Eumetazoans that lack coeloms are called

A

Acoelomates

117
Q

The term brachiopod means

A

“arm-foot” (for anchoring)

118
Q

A pedicle is a

A

fleshy “arm-foot”.

119
Q

A lophophore is a

A

leaf rake-shaped feeding apparatus.

120
Q

Bryozoans are

A

fan-shaped colonies of tiny animals with lophophores for feeding,

121
Q

The term pelecypod means

A

“axe-foot” (clams)

122
Q

Molluscs include which 3 groups?

A

1) . Pelecypods
2) . Gastropods
3) . Cephalopods

123
Q

The term gastropod means

A

“stomach-foot” (snails)

124
Q

The term cephalopod means

A

“head-foot” (squids).

125
Q

Which group has a septum?

A

Cephalopod

126
Q

Relations among the many kinds of metazoans include:

A

1) . rRNA Tree of Life
2) . Embryos, larvae
3) . Adult tissues, form

127
Q

Name two species of lower invertebrates

A

Jellyfish, flatworms

128
Q

Platyhelmenthes are commonly known as

A

flatworms.

129
Q

Why do coeloms matter?

A

Coelomates can burrow = improved feeding.

130
Q

Name a modern Annelid

A

1). Earth worm

131
Q

List 2 characteristics of Annelids

A

1) . Segmented body

2) . No legs

132
Q

List 2 characteristics of Arthropods

A

1) . Segmented body

2) . Legs

133
Q

What do Arthropods have that Annelids do not have?

A

Legs

134
Q

The term arthropod means

A

“jointed-foot”

135
Q

What are the index fossils for the Paleozoic era?

A

Trilobites

136
Q

Compound eyes are a characteristic of all

A

Arthropods.

137
Q

The left branch of the phylogenetic tree includes all

A

Protostome coelomates

138
Q

The term protostome means

A

“first-mouth”.

139
Q

Define the term “blastopore”

A

Opening in hollow ball of cells formed early in embryonic development.

140
Q

Protostomes are

A

animals in which the blastopore becomes the mouth

141
Q

List several protostomes

A

flatworms, brachiopods, annelids, arthropods.

142
Q

The right branch of the phylogenetic tree includes all

A

deuterostome coelomates.

143
Q

The term “deuterostome” means

A

“second mouth”.

144
Q

The blastopore in protostomes becomes the

A

mouth.

145
Q

The blastopore in deuterostomes becomes the

A

anus.

146
Q

Name several deuterostomes

A

echinoderms, chordates.

147
Q

The term “echinoderms” means

A

“spiny-skinned”.

148
Q

List two characteristics of echinoderms

A

1) . 5-point radial symmetry

2) . Tube feet

149
Q

List several echinoderms

A

sea-stars, sea urchins, sand dollars.

150
Q

A crinoid is a

A

sea-lilly

151
Q

Chordates are deuterostome animals possessing which 3 things?

A

1) . Gill slits
2) . Notochord
3) . Dorsal nerve chord

152
Q

What is a notochord?

A

A lengthwise flexible rod, provides support in vertebrate embryos.

153
Q

Homologous organs, structures, and biochemistry are those which

A

have same or similar function, same evolutionary derivation.

154
Q

List an example of a homologous trait

A

Bird vs. bat wing (same evolutionary derivation)

155
Q

Analogous organs, structures, and biochemistry are those which

A

have same or similar function, but a different evolutionary derivation.

156
Q

List an example of an analogous trait

A

Bird wing vs. insect wing (e.g. butterfly wing, which has veins)

157
Q

List the sequence of vertebrate evolution

A

Fish -> amphibians -> reptiles -> birds and mammals

158
Q

List an ectothermic group of animals

A

fish

159
Q

Amphibians are considered to be semi-terrestrial because

A

they rely on water for reproduction.

160
Q

Like fish, amphibians are

A

ectotherms.

161
Q

An amniote egg is a

A

yolk-bearing hard-shelled egg of reptiles and birds.

162
Q

Describe reptiles

A

terrestrial, amniote tetrapods, majority are ectotherms

163
Q

Name several reptiles

A

Lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles, dinosaurs.

164
Q

Describe the evolution of birds

A

Dinosaurs -> Archaeopteryx (feathers = modified reptilian scales) -> Modern birds (fused fingers, teeth lost, short tail)

165
Q

The earliest fossil bird is the

A

Archaeopteryx

166
Q

List the reptilian features of the Archaeopteryx

A

toothed beak, wing claw, long tail with many vertebrae

167
Q

List the avian character of the Archaeopteryx

A

airfoil wing with contour feathers.

168
Q

List the characteristics of mammals

A

Terrestrial, aquatic, and flying endotherms; milk; hair (modified scales)

169
Q

When did mammals arise?

A

Early in the Mesozoic

170
Q

Name the meteor which wiped out forests 65 Ma

A

Yucatan meteorite

171
Q

When did placental mammals come about?

A

65 Ma

172
Q

The Cenozoic is the age of

A

mammals.

Major Events in the History of Life (1 decks)

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