Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Renal Systems > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Proteinuria, azotemia, hypertension (sometimes)

Azotemia (elevated BUN, SCr & CyC)

A

early chronic kidney disease (CKD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, hyperaldosterone, edema, HTN
Anemia, dyslipidemia, hypocalcemia, high phos, high iPTH
Neuropathy, fatigue, acidosis, dementia, nausea

A

signs & symptoms of late CKD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hematuria (micro or macro), oliguria, migratory edema, HTN, fever, constitutional (N/V, HA, anorexia, pallor)

A

Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q 
Start in eyelids & face usually
Always pitting
Progress downward  arm & leg edema
Migratory (face in AM, clear in afternoon, legs PM)
type III hypersensitivity
A

edema of AGN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bloody sputum, chest pain, cough, dyspnea (come first)

Next will have hematuria

A

Anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM)

Goodpasture’s s/d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, dyslipidemia
NO azotemia or HTN
24 hour protein urine >3g

A

nephrotic syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Check SCr or SCyC, BUN, electrolytes, blood pressure
Rule out diabetes
Repeat urine protein, SCr, BUN, electrolytes, BP in 1 month
Can refer to nephrologist after 2 elevated readings

A

asymptomatic proteinuria work up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

HTN, HA, Inc. Urination
HypoKalemia, Dec. Vision,
Plasma aldosterone:plasma renin activity ratio greater than >30.

A

Conn’s syndrome (Primary Hyperaldosteronism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Intermittent, severe pain in low back or flank or abdomen
May have nausea
Move around a lot
Gross or microscopic hematuria, proteinuria

A

ureteral colic

Dx: Imaging (renal US or CT scan)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Edema, oliguria or anuria, HA, fatigue, anorexia, N/V, arrhythmias

A

acute kidney injury (AKI)

Send to hospital immediately
May need surgery or dialysis
Diuretics do not improve outcomes in absence of volume overload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hematuria, Oliguria, Azotemia (elevation of (BUN) & serum creatinine levels, HTN, proteinuria, Edema in kids

A

Nephritic s/d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Most common, especially in SE Asia, Mediterranean
Cause: dysglycosylation of IGA1  immune complexes  glomerular deposition  inflammation  hematuria, proteinuria, renal failure

A

IGA Nephropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Herbs: aloe vera gel, Artemisia absinthium, astragalus, codonopsis, cordyceps, Centella

A

IGA Nephropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Immune complex & complement mediated, more common in women & African American.
Labs: ANA sensitive, anti-Sm specific

A

Lupus nephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Herbs: astragalus, flax, turmeric

A

Lupus nephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Delay 10-20 days after infection (unlike IgAN)
Rapid onset edema, HTN, oliguria, heavy proteinuria, hematuria, low urine sodium
Labs: elevated ASO titers, reduced complement

A

Post-Infectious GN

17
Q

Nephrotic syndrome w/ peak incidence 24-36 months
Electron microscopy: foot processes swollen & fused. Biopsy normal
Clinical: look for allergies, intestinal permeability, probiotics, restrict sodium

A

Minimal change GN

18
Q

Herbs: lespedeza cuneata, angelica sinensis, astragalus membranaceus, codonopsis pilosula

TX: corticosteroids

A

Minimal change GN

19
Q

S/SX: nephrotic syndrome, acute nephritis, asymptomatic proteinuria, recurrent painless gross hematuria

A

Membranous & Membranoproliferative GN

20
Q

associated w/ Hep BV

A

Membranous GN

21
Q

associated w/ Hep CV

A

Membranoproliferative GN

22
Q

Herbs: croton draco, pueraria montana, petasites hybridus, alisma orientale, ephedra, ulex europaeus

A

Membranous & Membranoproliferative GN Herbal complement inhibitors:

23
Q

PRA < 0.65 ng/ml/hr
Direct Renin <5
More common in elderly, blacks and Hispanics
Contraindicated = Glycyrrhiza

A

Volume Hypertension

24
Q

Elevated morning (0800-1000) plasma aldosterone concentration to PRA ratio is main clue, followed by oral salt challenge followed by urine aldosterone concentration.

A

Hyperaldosteronism*

25
Q

PRA > >0.65 ng/ml/hr
Direct Renin >5
Renin-angiotensin-induced vasoconstriction/inflammation
Contraindicated = diuretics

A

Renin Hypertension

26
Q

Most common in children <6, absence of HTN, absence of hematuria, normal complement, normal renal function

S/SX: Foamy urine, wt. gain->edema (periorbital (eyes) first then abdomen, feet, ankles), inciting event (URI/Bug bite), tachycardia, peripheral vasoconstriction, oliguria, decreased GFR, increased renin, aldosterone, NE,

A

Minimal Change Disease

TX: empiric steroid therapy
Nephroprotective herbs, renal adaptogens, high dose fish oil, curcumin

27
Q

massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema (URI/Bug bite), hyperlipidemia, hyperlipiduria
Indicate glomerular damage, systemic T cell activation
Diagnosis: urinary protein >50 mg/kg/d & hypoalbumineia

A

Nephrosis: (Pediatric Nephrotic Syndromes)

28
Q

hematuria, oliguria, azotemia, HTN
Inflammation of kidneys, more common in childhood & adolescence
Types: post infectious glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy

A

Nephritic: (Pediatric Nephritic Syndromes)

29
Q

Caused by prior infection GAS. Immune complexes to GAS deposit in GBM leading to autoimmunity
S/SX: antecedent illness, most children asymptomatic
PE: edema, gross hematuria, HTN
Labs: hematuria, skin culture, stretozyme test

A

Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis (PSGN)

30
Q

Pathophysiology: chronic hyperglycemia, AGE  deposit in mesangial cells, glomerular capillary damage, AGE antibodies (Advanced Glycated End-products). All of this will cause glomerular sclerosis, protein leakage, blood sludging leading to tubular destruction, loss of charge barrier, increased capillary pressure. (Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions)

Blacks, asians, Native Americans

Early: Isolate proteinuria, Dec. GFR, HTN

Dx:
Urine albumin >300 mg/d

A

Diabetic Nephropathy

Retinopathy Inc. chances of Nephropathy w/Albumineria.

31
Q

Treat acute ureteral colic, what agents (herbs, drugs, minerals, hydrotherapy,) would you use?

A

Primary action is spasmolytic (will give pain control)
Herbs: amni visnaga, Piscidia piscipula, gelsemium sempervirens, hyoscyamus
Drugs: Alpha blockers (tamsulosin)
Minerals: magnesium
Hydrotherapy: hot compress to back, hot bath

32
Q 
Can be dissolved
pH 6.5-7
Vegetarian diet, w/ high fluid intake
Potassium citrate
Combine w/ spasmolytics &amp; diuretics if ureteral colic
A

Acute uric stones

33
Q

Generally require surgical removal & antibiotics
Urine acidification helpful
Cranberry to prevent UTIs
Urea-splitting organisms (proteus, providencia or pseudomonas)

A

Struvite stones

34
Q

Radiolucent stones, precipitate from an acidic urine
Related to conditions (leukemia, diabetics etc.)
High does enzymes, ketogenic diet & thiazide diuretics increase risk
Dehydration risk factor
Orange to red diapers can be clues about uric acid stones in infants

A

Uric acid stones

35
Q

Magnesium ammonium phosphate stones
Precipitate from alkaline urine
Associated w/ chronic UTI (gram negative rods)
Treat the infection, image quickly (frequently impact & need surgery)

A

Struvite stones

36
Q

Low methionine diet may be useful, but hard to do (legume based protein sources, potassium rich foods)
D/t metabolic defect of tubular reabsorption of cysteine

A

Cysteine stones

37
Q

Limit Potassium and Sodium
Inc. Carb base diet
Anemia->Dec. nephrons=Endocrine dysfxn= dec EPO

A

CKD stage 4-5

38
Q

Calcium Wasting
Inc. Phosphorus absorption
Inc. PTH levels

A

CKD stage 3

Renal Systems (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions