Final Review

Question 1

what are kidney stones caused by

Answer 1

supersaturation or urine with insoluble salts, uric acid

insufficient water present in kidneys

Question 2

what does is citrate

when is citrate low

Answer 2

a chemical that normally inhibits formation of stones

low when high levels of insoluble salts are uric acid are present

Question 3

what are the most common types of kidney stones composed of

Answer 3

calcium
uric acid
struvite
cystine

Question 4

what may pre hospital treatment of kidney stones consist of

Answer 4

iv fluids
transport in position of comfort
antiemetics
pain management

Question 5

in what three ways are the causes of renal failure classified

Answer 5

pre renal
intrarenal
postrenal

Question 6

what is the main cause of renal failure

Answer 6

inadequate blood flow to the kidneys

Question 7

what does acute renal failure lead to

Answer 7

buildup of high levels of uremic toxins in the blood

Question 8

patients with acute renal failure are divided into two groups based on the amount of urine excreted in 24 hours, the two groups are

Answer 8

oliguic, less than 500 ml

nonoliguric, more than 500 ml

Question 9

what is the usual cause of prerenal acute renal failure

Answer 9

hypovolemia

impaired cardiac output

Question 10

intrarenal acute renal failure results from

Answer 10

conditions that damage or injure both kidneys ie, glomerular and other microvascular diseases, tubular diseases, and interstitial diseases that directly damage the kidney parenchyma

Question 11

postrenal acute renal failure is caused by

Answer 11

obstruction of urine flow from both kidneys

Question 12

postrenal ARF may be caused by

Answer 12

ureteral and urethral obstructions

obstruction of a urinary catheter

Question 13

how does chronic renal failure develop

Answer 13

kidneys are initially damaged, and make up for damage through hyperfiltration in the remaining working nephrons, which causes further nephron damage and loss of kidney function

Question 14

what is the short answer for how acute and chronic renal failure develop

Answer 14

inadequate blood flow causes buildup of fluid and waste products in the body, which causes azotemia and uremia

Question 15

uremic frost is…..

Answer 15

formation of urea crystals on the skin

Question 16

what are the two types of renal dialysis

Answer 16

hemodialysis

peritoneal dialysis

Question 17

what is a major complication of peritoneal dialysis

Answer 17

peritonitis

Question 18

what is a pseudoaneurysm

Answer 18

dilation resembling an aneurysm that occurs at the site of a fistula or internal graft used for dialysis

Question 19

what treatment should be provided if a pseudoaneurysm ruptures

Answer 19

direct pressure to hematoma

treat for significant blood loss

Question 20

what is used to verify unobstructed circulation of a surgical anastomosis

Answer 20

the presence of a bruit (thrill)

Question 21

why should BP not be measured in an extremity with a fistula or other means of vascular access

Answer 21

can decrease blood flow, which is a common trigger for thrombosis

Question 22

why are dialysis patients at an increased risk for hemhorrage

Answer 22

regular exposure to anticoagulants during hemodialysis

decrease in platelet function

Question 23

why can hypotension frequently occur during hemodialysis

Answer 23

rapid reduction of intravascular volume
abrupt changes in electrolyte concentrations
vascular instability that may occur during the procedure

Question 24

pts with hypotension caused by dialysis must be managed cautiously with admin of volume expanding fluids, how much fluid should medics administer in this situation

Answer 24

200-300 ml

Question 25

how should a patient who is suspected to have an air embolism be positioned

Answer 25

laying on left side, modified trendelenburg

Question 26

murphy's sign may indicated

Answer 26

acute cholecystitis

Question 27

murphy's sign is the cessation of inspiration during examination of the

Answer 27

right upper quadrant

Question 28

mcburney's sign can indicate

Answer 28

acute appendicitis

Question 29

mcburney's sign is tenderness midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the

Answer 29

umbilcus

Question 30

cullen's sign can indicate

Answer 30

retroperitoneal hemorrhage, pancreatic hemorrhage, or rupture of a AAA

Question 31

cullen's sign is

Answer 31

periumbilical bluish discoloration

Question 32

grey turner's sign can indicate

Answer 32

retroperitoneal hemorrhage, pancreatic hemorrhage, or rupture of a AAA

Question 33

grey turner's sign is

Answer 33

bluish discoloration of the flanks

Question 34

kehr's sign may indicate

Answer 34

splenic rupture | rupture of ectopic pregnancy

Question 35

kehr's sign is

Answer 35

severe left should pain

Question 36

obturator sign may indicate

Answer 36

appendicitis

Question 37

obturator sign is pain with

Answer 37

flexed right hip rotation

Question 38

psoas sign may indicated

Answer 38

appendicitis | right side AAA

Question 39

psoas sign is pain with

Answer 39

raising a straight leg against resistance

Question 40

esophageal varices results from

Answer 40

portal hypertension cirrhosis of liver liver disease

Question 41

patients with esophageal varices will present with

Answer 41

bright red hematemesis | melena

Question 42

an inflamatory condition of the large intestine

Answer 42

ulcerative colitis

Question 43

ulcerative colitis is characterized by

Answer 43

ulceration of the mucosa of the intestine

Question 44

cholecystitis is inflammation of the

Answer 44

gallbladder

Question 45

what is the cause of cholecystitis 90% of the time

Answer 45

gall stones

Question 46

where is the pain of cholecystitis radiated to

Answer 46

ruq | right scapula

Question 47

s/s of ulcerative colitis

Answer 47

``` fatigue weight loss anorexia rectal bleeding loss of body fluid and nutrients ```

Question 48

inflammation of the inner lining of the bladder is known as

Answer 48

cystitis

Question 49

why is cystitis more common in women

Answer 49

urethra is shorter

Question 50

what is the main symptom of urine

Answer 50

frequent urge to urinate with minimal amount of urine passed each time