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advanced imaging modalities > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Breast cancer is –1– leading cause of death and 1 in –2– women will develop breast cancer.

A
  1. 2nd

2. 8

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2
Q

Breast has very little subject contrast low kV (–1–) is utilized to demonstrate –2–, –3–, and to enhance –4–.

A
  1. 23-28 kV
  2. Short Scale
  3. High Contrast
  4. Microcalcifications
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3
Q

Risk Factors= age (–1–), –2–, –3–, –4– breast tissue, –5– menstruation, –6– menopause, –7– use of Estrogen.

A
  1. Older is increased risk
  2. Family History
  3. Genetics
  4. Dense Breast Tissue
  5. Early Menstruation
  6. Late Menopause
  7. Prolong use of Estrogen
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4
Q

–1–= performed on asymptomatic patients; baseline at age –2– then yearly after age –3–; should do monthly –4–.

A
  1. Screening
  2. 40
  3. 50
  4. Self Breast Exams
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5
Q

–1–= performed on symptomatic patients.

A

Diagnostic

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6
Q

Normal breast consists of –1–, –2–, and –3–. –4– is most sensitive to cancer.

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Glandular
  3. Adipose
  4. Glandular
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7
Q

80% of breast cancer is –1– and may have –2– present.

A
  1. Ductal

2. Microcalcifications

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8
Q

Majority of breast cancer develops in –1–.

A
  1. Upper, Lateral Quadrant
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9
Q

Mamm units typically use –1– as target and –2–. They may also utilize –3–.

A
  1. Molybdenum
  2. Filter
  3. Rhodium
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10
Q

Mamm tubes usually have small FS (–1–) and large FS (–2–) to enhance –3–.

A

0.1 mm
0.3 mm
Spacial Resolution (Detail)

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11
Q

Cathode usually positioned over –2– to enhance –3–.

A
  1. Chest Wall

2. Anode Heel Effect

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12
Q

Under no circumstances is total beam filtration less than –1–.

A

0.5 mm Al equivalent

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13
Q

Compression –1– breast, provides –2–, reduces –3–, decreases –4–, and results in –5–= Reduces –6–

A
  1. Immobilizes Breast
  2. Provides Uniform Thickness
  3. Reduces Scatter
  4. Decreases OID
  5. Results in Thinner Tissue
  6. Reduces Radiation Dose
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14
Q

Most Mamm units use a –1–. –2– is used specifically.

A
  1. Moving 4:1 or 5:1 Grid

2. A High Transmission Cellular (HTC) Grid

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15
Q

AEC in mamm units has sensors after IR to minimize –1– and improve –2–; can have single or multiple –3–.

A
  1. OID
  2. Spacial Resolution
  3. Detectors
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16
Q

Magnification used frequently to enhance –1–.

A

Small Lesions

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17
Q

Average Glandular Dose= –1–.

A

200 mRad/view

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18
Q

–1–= study of vessels.

A

Angiography

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19
Q

–1–= study of arteries.

A

Arteriography

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20
Q

–1–= insertion of 18 gauge hollow needle with stylet into femoral artery to allow insertion of guidewire and catheter into circulatory system.

A

Seldinger Technique

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21
Q

–1– allows safe introduction of catheter into vessel. Once catheter is in proper place, –2– is removed so that –3– can be injected.

A
  1. Guidewire
  2. Guidewire
  3. Contrast
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22
Q

Guidewires are categorized by what 4 things?

Can also wipe with and flush with –5–.

A
  1. Length
  2. Configuration of Tip
  3. Stiffness of Wire
  4. Coating (Hydrophilic so it is resistant to thrombus)
  5. Heparinized Saline
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23
Q

Catheters diameter is identified by –1–.

A

French Size

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24
Q

–1– have side holes to avoid whiplash effect.

A

Pigtail Catheters

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25
Q

–1– is injected into catheter-safer for patients; it DOES contain Iodine.

A

Water Soluable Non Ionic Iodine

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26
Q

–1– performed before exam.
What 6 things evaluated before exam?
Injection site must be compressed after exam to avoid bleeding, then inspected for –3–.
Can apply –4– to control bleeding.

A
  1. H and P
  2. Allergies, IV, BP, EKG, Pulse Ox, Clear Liquids
  3. Hematoma Formation
  4. Star Close
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27
Q

Intervention Risks= most common is –1–.

Also 4 more.

A
  1. Bleeding at injection site

2. Contrast Reaction, Kidney Failure, Blood Clot Formation, Penetration of Vessel

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28
Q

RT may be –1– registered; also have radiologist and nus in room during procedure. Wear –2–.

A
  1. CIT

2. Wear 2 film badges

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29
Q

Use fluoro C-Arm with a –1– with –2– for rapid exposures. Table has –3– to take images from abdomen to feet after injection.

A
  1. FS of 0.3 mm
  2. Three Phase, 12 Pulse Generator
  3. Stepping Device
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30
Q

Ultrasound was first used by military during WWII to locate –1–.

A

Submarines

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31
Q

–1– (Brightness)- returning echos seen as dots on a line; used with Real Time (Fluro)

A

B-Mode Display

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32
Q

–1– (Motion)- used when assessing fetal heart tones.

A

M-Mode Display

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33
Q

–1– = can image moving structures and is capable of Doppler (3D in real time is (–2–)

A
  1. Real Time Display

2. 4D= 4th Dimension

34
Q

–1– sends out sound waves and receives echos to create image (only receives less than –2– back)

A
  1. Transducer

2. 2%

35
Q

–1–= forward movement of sound waves.

A

Compression

36
Q

–1–= backward movement of sound waves.

A

Rarefaction

37
Q

Medical US devices use sound waves in range of –1–.

A

1-20 MHz

38
Q

Use –1– for imaging mainly superficial structures.

A

High Frequency Waves

39
Q

Use –1– for imaging deeper structures.

A

Low Frequency Waves

40
Q

–1–= never stops being emitted; used in –2– because it produces heat in tissues to increase blood supply and help healing.

A
  1. Continuous Sound Waves

2. PT

41
Q

–1–= pulse/echo; used for diagnostic US.

A

Pulsed Sound Waves

42
Q

Amount of echo returned to transducer is determined by –1– = determines –2– a material has to oncoming sound waves.

A
  1. Acoustic Impedance

2. Resistance

43
Q

Air containing organs such as lungs have –1–.

Dense organs such as bones have –2–.

A
  1. Lowest Acoustic Impedance

2. High Acoustic Impednace

44
Q

If two tissues have –1– acoustic impedance, no echo is generated.

A

Identical

45
Q

–1– ( change in direction of sound transmission after hitting interface of two different tissues) is a cause of incorrect localization of a structure on US image. Most prominent at –2– interfaces. Most widely recognized –3– artifact at junction of –4– and –5–.

A
  1. Refraction
  2. Fat/Soft tissue
  3. Refraction
  4. Rectus Abdominis Muscle
  5. Abdominal Wall Fat
46
Q

Fluid containing structures attenuate sound much less than solid structures so strength of sound pulse is –1– after passing through fluid. –2– is required for pelvic US to use –3– and –4– pelvic organs.

A
  1. Greater
  2. Full Bladder
  3. Acoustic Window
  4. Elevate
47
Q

US two –1– when scanning= –2– (scan head placed so that mark in transducer is pointing towards patient’s head) and –3– (mark toward patient’s right side). If not- image will be –4–.

A
  1. Planes
  2. Longitudinal
  3. Transverse
  4. Backwards/Upside Down
48
Q

MRI uses magnetic properties of –1– to produce body images.

A

Hydrogen

49
Q

MRI uses –1– as a contrast medium.

A

Gadolinium

50
Q

Three Main Components of MRI

A
  1. Main Magnet
  2. Radiofrequency Subsystem
  3. Gradient Coil Subsystem
51
Q

Magnetic field strengths are measured in unis of –1– and –2–.

A
  1. Gauss (G)

2. Tesla (T)

52
Q

The higher the field strength of an MR system, the –1– the tissue is magnetized, and the –2– the available signal from tissues being imaged.

A
  1. Greater

2. Greater

53
Q

–1–= use liquid helium to cool magnet- used most often in clinical systems today.

A

Superconducting Magnets

54
Q

–1–= outside magnetic signals that can interfere with MRI. Machine usually with –2– to decrease this.

A
  1. Fringe Field

2. Iron

55
Q

–1– used to protect equipment from outside radio wave interference

A

RF (Radiofrequency) Sheilding

56
Q

MR signal is –1– proportional to strength of –2–.

A
  1. Directly

2. External Field

57
Q

Increased –1– is a major advantage of a higher field strength magnet.

A

SNR

58
Q

Periodic Motion (–1– and –2–) can be compensated by monitoring and detecting and –3– the scan to coordinate with the motion.

A
  1. Respiratory
  2. Cardiac
  3. Gating
59
Q

Rate of wobbling or precession is the –1– or –2–.

A
  1. Resonance

2. Larmor Frequency

60
Q

T1 Relaxation is called –1–.

A
  1. Spin-Lattice Relaxation
61
Q

T2 Relaxation is called –1–.

A
  1. Spin-Spin Relaxation
62
Q

Radiofrequency (RF) Coils are the –1– of the MRI system.

What are 4 examples.

A
  1. Antenna
    a. Surface Coils (simplest)
    b. Paired Saddle Coil (knee)
    c. Helmholtz Pair Coil (2 parallel coils)
    d. Bird Cage Coil (provides best RF homogeneity)
63
Q

–1– are used to produce deliberate variations in main magnetic field (–2–).

A
  1. Gradient Coils

2. Bo

64
Q

Decreasing –1– improves resolution.

A

FOV

65
Q

–1– of all patients and employees is CRITICAL.

3 examples.

A
  1. Screening
    a. metals
    b. pacemakers
    c. implants
66
Q

–1– detects subtle increases in blood flow associated with activation of parts of the brain.

A

fMRI (Functional MRI)

67
Q

Children are very prone to –1– so cover them up when possible and only open –2– as needed.

A
  1. Hypothermia

2. Isolettle/ Incubator

68
Q

Always record info in –1– of someone stays in to hold child. 5 things.

A
  1. Human Holder Log
    a. patient’s name
    b. holder’s name
    c. exam date/type
    d. pregnancy
    e. Pb info
69
Q

Pigg O Stat can hold infant for –1–. Can also use –2–.

A
  1. CXR

2. Mummy style immobilizer

70
Q

–1– concerned with reducing pediatric radiation dose.

A

Image Gently Campaign

71
Q

If child abuse is suspected what 3 should be notified?

A
  1. ER
  2. Social Services
  3. Physician
72
Q

–1–= often mistaken for child abuse; children suffer from multiple fractures. –2– = later

A
  1. Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI)

2. Tarda

73
Q

Currently 1 out of 8 people are geriatric (–1–).
Anticipate 1 out of 5 by –2–.
Burdened by –3–.

A
  1. Over 65
  2. 2030
  3. Chronic Disease
74
Q

–1–= overmedication from multiple prescriptions, should take all prescriptions to same pharmacy.

A

Polypharmacy

75
Q

–1– of ppl over –2– are that to have –3–.

A
  1. 50%
  2. 85
  3. Alzheimer’s Disease
76
Q

–1– is a common issue with geriatric patients.

A

Depression

77
Q

–1– voices are easier to hear.

A

Low pitched

78
Q

–1– most popular after hip replacement so do NOT abduct operative leg.

A

Dislocation

79
Q

–1– can form in 2 hours so check their position often.

A

Decubitus Ulcer (bed sore)

80
Q

1 out of –1– seniors may experience abuse- report suspected abuse to what 3?

A
  1. 20
    a. ER
    b. social services
    c. physician

advanced imaging modalities (1 decks)

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