Final Review Flashcards
What makes a good observational note?
When- the date and time
Situation- happening in behavior being observed
Where- setting
Child’s name and others involved
narrative
Unstructured. story-like, jot down
Structured
Charts, checklists, take with you to fill out
Examples of structured
Time sampling
Ages and stages (checklists!!)
Literacy rating scale
Event sampling
Examples of narrative
Running record
Anecdotal record
Class list log
(Play observations)
Class list log
Narrative
Short, specific on each child.
Collects same info on all
Class list log can be used for..
Able to cut with scissors Listens to story time Pours own juice Writes their name Pedal tricycle
Checklist
Structured
Present or not, stages of development
Organized into categories of development
(Physical, cognitive, social) (all levels)
Advantages
Easy, little training, frequent, flexible
Disadvantages
Time consuming
Advantages of Checklists
Easy
little training
frequent
flexible
Disadvantages of Checklists
Time consuming
Teachers have to adapt
Don’t indicate how well child is doing
Not an assessment instrument
Advantages of Class List Log
Quick
easy
specific
every child
Disadvantages of Class list logs
Gets outdated quickly
limited info
Must be repeated frequently
Running record
Narrative
All behaviors observed over a certain period of time
very detailed
Video like
Can be child or area focused
Advantages of Running Record
Time sensitive
is used for variety of purposes
detailed and specific
Advantages of running record
Time-consuming
make the subject feel watched
take the adult out of classroom requires intense concentration and focus attention
Rating scale
Structured
Change over time, developmental stages
Horizontal line
Indicates progress, degree of change similar to both a rubric (verticle) and checklists
Advantages of rating scale
Used for behaviors that are not easily measured Quick and easy Minimum training Easy to develop Understanding development
Disadvantages of rating scales
Subjective
No sensitivity
Don’t talk about cause
Play observation
Narrative
Looking for style of play
Only good for looking for specific type of play
Play observation:
Solitary play
Playing alone
Play observation:
Parallel play
Near but not together
Play observation:
Associative play
Influencing one another but not playing together
Child sitting by one another, doing own thing. In same play
Play observation:
Cooperative play
Together towards a common goal
Play observation:
Functional play
Enjoyment of physical sensations
Spiny cup on playground
Play observation:
Constructive play
Manipulation for creation
Picking color to draw with
Play observation:
Dramatic play
Pretend play
Time sampling
Structured
Chart! Types and frequency of behavior over a period of time You decide: What behaviors to observe What the time interval is How to record the behavior
Anecdotal record
Narrative
Detailed incidents (events) Beginning, middle and end (when where what who) Accurate, interesting, same type and a theme you see from child focus on behavior
Event sampling
Structured
ABC chart
Determine cause & effect
Structured
Used when a behavior occurs in a particular setting
Similar to Anecdotal record but more focused
Captures things to change (increase or decrease)
Frequency count
Structured
Measures “how often”
blends the time and event sampling
Measures repeated action of a child, the whole group, or the teacher
Reduce negative behaviors or increase positive ones
Work sample
Collection of products
Portfolio
Bringing it all together
Advantages of Time Sample
Can gather info on entire class at once Can revisit and see how much time is spent Indicated child's preference Strengths and weaknesses Can show areas of the room used/not used
Disadvantages of time Sampling
Lacks detail
Very time intensive
Must be done many times to make good conclusions
Advantages of Anecdotal record
No special forms Anyone can look back and see the event Give you a sense of being there Separate judgements Useful
Disadvantages of Anecdotal record
Only looks at 1 or 2 minutes
1 child at a time
Can be writing intensive
Advantages of Event sampling
Focuses on “why”
Cause and Effect
Helps us change
Examine the consequences
Disadvantages of event sampling
One child at a time
Can be frustrating if event doesn’t occur
ABC chart (event sampling)
A- antecedent (before behavior. What happened before)
B- Behavior
C- consequent event (what happens after)
Time/date. | A. |. B. |. C. |
A- Johnny sat at the art table, Sam reached across him
B-johnny bit sams arm
C- teacher consoled Sam and reminded Johnny teeth are for biting food
Situations for frequency count
Decrease aggressive acts Decreases teacher intervention Documents punitive techniques Increases cooperative play Increases family interaction Increases eye level talking Increases use of learning area
Advantages of Frequency
Tally mark
Easy
Use to change behavior
Data and numbers before and after
Disadvantages on Frequency counts
It’s just a number
No descriptors
Aggressive get more covert (hiding it better)
Be mislead
Erik Erikson over review
8 stages Psychosocial Lifespan stages Each stage has a crisis (positive vs negative) Crisis based on social crisis
Behavior is a result of getting wants and needs met within the rules if society
Id, ego, superego (Erik Erikson)
Id- wants and needs (present at birth)
Ego-met (negiotates getting needs and wants met, developed from beginning)
Superego- rules of society (consciousness) voice in your head.
Erikson stages
Stage 1: trust vs. mistrust
Infancy
Learning how to rely on environment
Meeting your needs vs. fear, uncertainty, suspicious of the world, anger.
Belief the world is a good place
Erikson stages
Stage 2: autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Toddler
Independence-asserting self control,
Shame and doubt- feeling bad because you didn’t do the right thing, embarrassed, unsure
Leds to letting people do things for them because they are unsure they can do it themselves
Erikson stages
Stage 3: initiative vs. guilt
Preschool
Taking the risk to try something new Self starting Lead/ownership Taking charge Superego age Within constrains of society
Erikson stages
Stage 4: industry vs inferiority
Elementary school age
Industry- Accomplishing something valued by society
Inferiority- when you can’t accomplish something important (learning to read)
Erikson stages
Stage 5: identity vs identity confusion
Adolescent
Who you are and what you will be
Finding yourself
Erikson stages
Stage 6: intimacy vs isolation
20s-30s
Friendships are deeply connected, relationships
Isolation, self centered
If you don’t know who you are, you friendships won’t last
Erikson stages
Stage 7: Generativity vs stagnation
30s-50s
Generativity- Nurturing, give back to world, child bearing
Stagnation- not giving anything back. Feeling you aren’t doing anything in life. Midlife crisis
Erikson stages
Stage 8: Ego integrity vs despair
80s-90s
Ego integrity- Honoring our meaningful life Realizing your death Feeling you had a great life Despair- live with regrets Negative mindset
Bronfenbrenner’s theory overview
Ecological theory
Stresses the importance of the environment
In context- where the child is embedded in
“Socialization”- the worlds we live in impact our development
Ecological theory: Microsystem
1st
The environment the child is in, child has direct participating role in
Family, school, peers, neighborhood
Ecological theory: Mesosytem
2nd
Connects links between Microsystems i.e. Family and school
Ex. School sends flyers home,
Ecological theory: Exosystem
3rd
Outside of, not directly but can influence child through microsystem
Indirect effect
Ecological theory: Macrosystem
4th
Larger society (beliefs, lifestyles, democracy, ideology)
Ecological theory: Chronosystem
Outside
Time, turning over time, changes and shifts our model. I.e. Puberty
Gardner’s Theory overview
6 academic domains (cognitive)
2 personal domains
Gardner’s Theory: linguistic (verbal)
Cognitive
Use language affectively, enjoys reading, writes well, maybe multiple languages
Ex. Public speaker
Gardner’s Theory: logical/ mathematical
Cognitive
Analyzing, problem solver.
ex. detective
Gardner’s Theory: musical
Cognitive
Rhythmic, performance, tones, learning through music,
Gardner’s Theory: spatial (visual)
Cognitive
Recognizes patterns, works of art, graphs, pictures
Gardner’s Theory: bodily kinesthetic
Cognitive
Moving to learn, coordination, talking with hands
Gardner’s Theory: Naturalist
Cognitive
Learning through nature, strong in dinosaur types
Gardner’s Theory: interpersonal
Personal
Sensitivity to others, working well with others,
Ex. Counselors, pastors,
Gardner’s Theory: intrapersonal
Personal
Understand yourself, how you work
Play Observation: exploratory behavior
Non-play
Focus examination on objects to learn about it.
Reading is focused
Play Observation: unoccupied
Non play
2 types -no focus
Staring blankly or wondering around, not engaged
Play Observation: onlooker
Non play
Watches but doesn’t join. Can laugh but not joining
Listening or engaging with teacher
Piaget’s Theory Overview
Cognitive theory
How kids think about the world
Constructivist approach
The child needs supported to learn
Piaget
Equilibrium
Not changing
Piaget
Cognitive conflict
we want to push them into conflict so they can grow
Piaget
Schemes
The organized way of making sense of experience, the way you know how to act in the world
Piaget
Organization
Internal process of rearranging
Piaget
Adaptions
Building schemes through direct interaction with the environment
Piaget
Assimilation
Same Scheme
Using current schemes to interpret external world
Piaget
Accommodation
Changing and Creating
New scheme, adjust old schemes and creating new ones to better fits environment
Piaget’s Stages
Stage 1- sensorimotor
Infant and toddlers (0-2)
Learning through senses and motor skills
Doesn’t stop, always use senses to learn throughout life
Piaget’s Stages
Stage 2- pre operational
Preschool (2-7)
Sensorimotor activities lead to schemes, internal images of experience which children then label, w/words
Pretend play leads to helping their schemes
Make believe play, becomes real life conditions, less self centered more complex. Sociodramatic play
