Final Review Flashcards
What are the ways to avoid the Ophelia syndrome?
Practice Dialectical thinking foster idle thinking learn to live with uncertainty seek out great teachers plan to step out of bounds dare to know and trust yourself
What are the 7 things that helped Darwin come up with his idea?
Nested Hierarchical structure - Aristotle/lineus
Evidence for extinction - cuvier
Succession of Layers - Lyle
Geographic relationships for similar species - Wallace/Sarawak
Embryonic Homology - Ernstheckle
Structural Homology - Owens
Vestigal traits
What did Plato believe?
There was an essence of a thing and any variation was imperfection
What did Le Mark believe?
that Acquired traits could be inherited.
epigenetics supports him but classical genetics does not
What were the criticisms of Evolution?
The earth is too young for this to have happened
People didn’t know about heredity so there was not a mechanism for passing traits known
Things to complex to develop by chance
What were some post Darwinian ideas? 3 of them
Neo-Lamarckism - Weisman cut off tails for many generations to show that acquired traits are not inherited
Mutationism - mutation is enough to account for variation and change
Orthogenesis - evolution is going toward a set goal
Who were two really important people in the Modern Evolutionary Synthesis?
Dobzhansky and Sewall Wright
What are the 5 Mechanisms of Evolution? aka the things that void Hardy Weinberg?
Mutation Migration Non Random Mating Natural Selection Genetic Drift
Natural Selection will occur if…
Variation exists
variation is heritable
There is a differential survival
survival and reproduction are not random
What are the 3 traits of every eusocial species?
Caste system of non-reproducing worker individuals
co-operative brood care
overlapping generations
What are the things that need to exist for reciprocal altruism to exist?
good memory
no bullies
regular interaction
opportunities for altruism occur often
What are the six benefits of sexual reproduction?
Repair Damaged DNA
Less sibling competition
Muller’s Rachet: get rid of deleterious genes
avoid negative genes coming together
adapt to fluctuating environment
enhanced adaptation under directional selection
What is antagonistic pleiotropy and what does it relate to in this class?
relates to why we Age
it is that there is a trade off between repairing the cells and DNA that are damaged or focusing on reproducing
What are the 4 speciation models we use?
Biological - can they reproduce
Morphological - are they physically different enough
Phylogenetic - are their genes different enough
Ecological - can they be switched from their environment to the other species’ environment and survive
What are 4 categories of fossils?
permineralized fossils - minerals invade cells and create a copy but in mineral form
compression fossils - like wet cement
molds and casts - sediment forms around it and then it degrades so now we have a mold
unaltered remains - due to peat bog or freezing or mummification
Why is there not a complete fossil record?
Geographic
Parts of the world are not as likely to make fossils. we haven’t looked in every part of the world yet Taxonomic
Some things are more likely to fossilize than other depending on what it is made of
Temporal
Harder to find fossils that are older than newer
