Final Review Flashcards
1
Q
Where are cotton wool spots usually found?
A
Within 3-5DD from the disc, as that is where the NFL is thickest
2
Q
Where are histo streaks usually found?
A
Mid periphery to equator
3
Q
A
Lattice degeneration
4
Q
What is the leading cause of rhegmatogenous RD?
A
Horse-shoe tears
5
Q
Where are hard exudates found?
A
Outer plexiform layer of retina
6
Q
A
Snailtrack degeneration
7
Q
When is peripapillary atrophy benign?
A
When mild and associated with myopia
8
Q
Synchesis can often cause what?
A
PVD
9
Q
Horse shoe tears can develop along which margin of WSP?
A
Posterior margin
10
Q
A
Boat Heme (D-shaped)
11
Q
What is the key difference between toxo and histo?
A
Active toxo causes inflammatory A/C reaction - KPs, cells, flare
12
Q
A
Histoplasmosis
13
Q
A
Remnant of Hyaloid Artery
14
Q
WSP is a sign of what?
A
Vitreoretinal traction
15
Q
Bone spicules are a part of what disease?
A
Retinitis pigmentosa
16
Q
What are the four types of hemorrhages?
A
Pre-retina (boat shaped) Flame Dot & blot Sub-retinal
17
Q
A
Peripheral “histo streak”
18
Q
Where is PPA most common?
A
On the temporal side
19
Q
Where are vitreoretinal tufts usually seen?
A
Near equator and ora, but may be seen anywhere
20
Q
Name three benign “dark” findings
A
CHRPE Bear Tracks Pigment Crescent
21
Q
Where does the apex of a horse shoe tear point?
A
Toward the posterior pole
22
Q
What are the defining features of central retinal artery occlusion?
A
Cherry red spot Blanched fundus
23
Q
What color are atrophic retinal holes?
A
Red
24
Q
Which are brighter, hard exudates or drusen?
A
Hard exudates
25
Retinal holes found with snailtrack can be associated with RD if they are located where?
On the edge
26
What are the vitreous attachments from strongest to weakest?
Vitreous base Peripapillary Macula Vessels Mid periphery stronger than posterior pole
27
What supplies blood to the macula?
Choroidal blood flow
28
How big are atrophic retinal holes?
Pinpoint to 2DD
29
HST
30
What characterizes honeycomb degeneration?
Network of perivascular pigmentation
31
Why do horse-shoe tears "cause" RD?
Allows an influx of fluid
32
Hard Exudates
33
Syneresis is due to what?
Shrinkage of the vitreous
34
Pavingstone degeneration
35
Where is toxo found?
Posterior pole
36
What do hard exudates look like?
Yellow, distinct spots
37
Where is lattice most frequently found?
Superior temporal Bilateral
38
What supplies blood to the retina?
Central retinal artery
39
If a cuff around an atrophic retinal hole exists, when is it at risk for RD?
If it is greater than 1DD Retina has become opaque
40
HTN retinopathy often shows which signs?
Cotton wool spots Flame hemes
41
Vitreoretinal tufts are often benign, but can result in ___ if ___ is present.
HST PVD
42
Drusen are thought to be due to what?
The eye's failure to eliminate waste
43
Myelinated NFL
44
Drusen
45
Myelinated NFL
46
Nevus
47
What does histo look like?
Black "clouds"
48
Toxoplasmosis
49
Where is snailtrack found?
Between ora and equator
50
In what diseases are cotton wool spots common?
HTN DM Vein occlusions Vascular disease (lupus, HIV) Interferon therapy
51
How long does it take for a cotton wool spot to fade?
6-8 weeks
52
Where in the retina does honeycomb degeneration usually occur?
3 and 9, but spreads 360 degrees
53
What forms hard exudates?
Deposition of lipids and lipoproteins
54
What does toxo look like?
Black with white inside
55
Lattice Degeneration
56
Snalitrack
57
When is PPA pathological?
When associated with glaucoma and histoplasmosis
58
Dot and Blot Heme
59
What is the "histo triad"?
Peripapillary atrophy Maculopathy Punch-out lesion in the retina or histo streaks
60
Where are drusen depositied?
Between RPE and Bruch's membrane of choroid
61
Branched Retinal Artery Occlusion
62
What are 4 predisposing factors for RD?
High myopia Trauma Lattice Family history
63
VR tufts
64
What is an atrophic retinal hole?
Round retinal break without accompanying vitreoretinal traction
65
How do you differentiate a nevus from a CHRPE?
Red-free filter makes nevus disappear
66
What factors are associated with PVD?
High myopia Post surgery (cataract) Trauma Being over 40
67
Where are Hollenhorst plaques usually found?
Bifurcations of arteries
68
What diseases show hard exudates?
DM Late stage HTN retinopathy Ven occlusion
69
RD
70
Snailtrack with atrophic holes
71
What does Lattice look like?
Cigar-shaped thinning running parallel to the ora with criss-cross pattern of sclerotic vessels
72
If this vessel is present, a central retinal artery occlusion may still leave an islet of vision.
Cilioretinal artery
73
What is synchesis?
Liquefaction - Vitreous slowly degrading
74
In retinal attachment, which eye will show lower IOP?
Affected eye
75
Peripheral Drusen
76
CRAO
77
78
What is a halo nevus?
A CHRPE with a depigmented area surrounding it (area of RPE hypertrophy
79
When are horse-shoe tears at risk of developing retinal tears along the posterior margin of WSP?
Posterior border is irregular WSP is associated with lattice Fellow eye has already suffered a tear
80
Drusen are usually related to what?
Age
81
Where is Histo found?
Anywhere in the retina
82
Horse-shoe tears are commonly associated with what?
PVD
83
Atrophic Hole
84
VR tufts
85
Where is pavingstone located?
Between ora and equator
86
Name 6 benign peripheral retinal conditions.
Chorioretinal degeneration Peripheral retinal drusen (equatorial) Honeycomb (reticular) degeneration Pavingstone degeneration CHRPE Post inflammatory scars (Trauma, histo, toxo)
87
What is seen in proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
Neo of disc Neo elsewhere in the retina Boat-shaped hemorrhages
88
Retinitis Pigmentosa bone spicules
89
What percent of vitreous is water?
98%
90
CHRPE, bear tracks, and pigment crescents are found where?
Anywhere
91
Peripheral Drusen
92
Which chorioretinal scar is associated with birds?
Histoplasmosis
93
What is the appearance of myelinated nerve fiber layer?
White, feathery edged NFL
94
Where does myelinated NFL usually present?
Around the optic nerve and peripapapillary NFL
95
Sub-retinal hemorrhage
96
PPA
97
Where is Shaffer's sign noted?
Anterior vitreous
98
What does a choroidal nevus usually look like?
A flat or slightly elevated grayish-green lesion
99
What does PPA look like?
Irregular, hyper and hypopigmentation zone
100
Describe pavingstone degeneration.
Chorioretinal atrophy appearing as small pale yellow areas with surrounding RPE hyperplasia
101
What are vitreoretinal tufts?
Grayish white piece of tissue
102
What causes cotton wool spots?
Hypoxia of NFL - acute obstruction of arteriole, blocking axoplasmic flow
103
Name 3 predisposing conditions to RD.
Lattice degeneration Snailtrack degeneration White-without-pressure (WSP)
104
What is the common presentation of snailtrack degeneration?
Glistening white area Oval in shape
105
What things are usually seen in diabetic retinopathy?
Exudates Dot and blot hemorrhages Cotton wool spots
106
Halo CHRPE
107
Vitreoretinal Tufts
108
Which obscures blood vessels, drusen or hard exudates?
Drusen
