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Plant Propagation > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Layering differs from cuttings in that…

A

Initial rooting takes place while attached to parent plant

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2
Q

Near East

A

-10,00-Wheat-Barley-Peas-Lentils-

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3
Q

Central America/ Mexico

A

-9000-Squash-Avocado-Beans-Amaranth-Chili pepper-Corn

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4
Q

Far East/China

A

-8,500-Rice-Soybeans

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5
Q

South America

A

-7,000-Potato-Cassava

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6
Q

New Guinea Highlands

A

-7,000-Banana-Taro

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7
Q

Eastern North America

A

-4,500-Sunflower-Mash-elder-Goose-foot-Gourds

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8
Q

Sub-Saharan Africa

A

-4,000-Sorghum-Millet

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9
Q

Teosinte Glume Architecture 1(TGA1)

A

-Function; Mutation Caused kernels to be naked.-Benefit to man; Easy to prepare and eat.-Disadvantage to plants: Seeds destroyed in the gust of wild animals.

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10
Q

Teosinte Branched 1(TB1)

A

-Function:Reduced tillering and branching of stalk.-Benefit to man: Small number of large ears.-Disadvantage to plants: Fertilization less efficient.

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11
Q

Days To Harvest

A

-Many-Function: Uniform time of flowering.-Benefit to man: Single harvest.-Disadvantage to plants: Subject to droughts, natural disasters.

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12
Q

Loss of Seed Dormancy

A

-Many-Function: Seeds germinate upon planting-Benefit to man: full stands of uniform grain.-Disadvantage to plants: Fall germination and death of seedlings.

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13
Q

PAR

A

-Photosynthetically Active Radiation

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14
Q

PPF

A

-Photosynthetic Photon flux-Amount of PAR Photons striking a unit area per unit of time.-Measured in micromols per meter squared per second.-Measures PAR between (400 to 700 nm)

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15
Q

PPF at noon on a summer day

A

200 umols m2- sec1-

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16
Q

PPF range for Photosynthetic compensation Point

A

-Varies from Species to species-generally between 30 and 120 umols m2- sec1-

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17
Q

Photosynthesis

A

6CO2+6H20–sunlight–>C6H1206+6O2

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18
Q

What is produced by light reactions?

A

-ATP-NADPH-These are used to fuel Calvin Cycle

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19
Q

What is produced by Dark reactions?

A

-Uses ATP and NADPH to produce sugar.

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20
Q

Respiration

A

C6H1206+6O2—->6CO2+6H2O+36ATP

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21
Q

Amarath

A

-9,000-Mexico/ Central America

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22
Q

Avacados

A

-9,000-Mexico/ Central America

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23
Q

Bananas

A

-7,000-New Guinea Highlands

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24
Q

Barley

A

-10,000-Near East/ Fertile Crescent

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25
Q

Beans

A

-9,000-Mexico/ Central America

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26
Q

Cassava

A

-7,000-South America

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27
Q

Chili Peper

A

-9,000-Mexico/ Central America

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28
Q

Corn

A

-7,000-South America

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29
Q

Goose Foot

A

-4,500-Eastern North America

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30
Q

Gourds

A

-4,500-Eastern North America

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31
Q

Lentils

A

-10,000-Near East/ Fertile Crescent

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32
Q

Marsh Elder

A

-4,500-Eastern North America

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33
Q

Millet

A

-4,000-Africa

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34
Q

Peas

A

-10,000-Near East/ Fertile Crescent

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35
Q

Potatos

A

-7,000-South America

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36
Q

Rice

A

-8,500-Far East/ China

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37
Q

Sorghum

A

-4,000-Africa

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38
Q

Soybeans

A

-8,500-Far East/ China

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39
Q

Squash

A

-9,000-Mexico/ Central America

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40
Q

Sunflower

A

-4,500-Eastern North America

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41
Q

Taro

A

-7,000-New Guinea Highlands

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42
Q

Wheat

A

-10,000-Near East/ Fertile Crescent

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43
Q

Angiosperm Life Cycle

A

Phase 1: EmbryonicPhase 2: JuvenilePhase 3: TransitionalPhase 4: Adult-A. Vegetative-B. Reproductive

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44
Q

Phase 1

A

Embryonic

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45
Q

Phase 2

A

Juveline

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46
Q

Phase 3

A

Transitional

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47
Q

Phase 4

A

Adult-A. Vegetative-B. Reproductive

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48
Q

Signal Response Pathways

A
  1. Signal2. Regulation of transcription factors-2a. off-2b. on3. DNA4. MRNA—>Protein5. Small RNA-5a. SI RNA-5b. MI RNA
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49
Q

Secondary xylem

A

-Xylem from years past-Dead-Woody center part

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50
Q

Cork Cambium

A

-Bark layer -on the outside

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51
Q

Vascular Cambium

A

-meristem-Outside of the secondary xylem-Growing

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52
Q

Ploem

A

-Active Transport -Between cork cambium and vascular cambium

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53
Q

Mitosis

A
  1. Interphase2. Prophase3. Metaphase4. Anaphase5. Telophase
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54
Q

interphase

A

-Where a Cell spends the majority of it’s life- Some Cells Get Stuck here

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55
Q

Prophase

A
  • DNA is replicated
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56
Q

Metaphase

A

-Replicated chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

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57
Q

Anaphase

A

-Chromosomes are pulled apart from their sister chromatids.

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58
Q

Telophase

A

-New cells begin to separate.

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59
Q

Realistic water potential for:Soil

A

-0.04mPa

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60
Q

Realistic water potential for:Roots

A

-0.2 mPa

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61
Q

Realistic water potential for:Stems

A

-1.0 mPa

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62
Q

Realistic water potential for:Leaves

A

-1.4 mPa

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63
Q

Realistic water potential for:Atmosphere

A

-100 mPa

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64
Q

What is the water potential value for:Field capacity

A

-0.033 mPa- changes depending on soil type.

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65
Q

What is the water potential value for:Permanent wilt point

A

-1.5 mPa

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66
Q

Why can’t plants tolerate water potential at or below permanent wilt point?

A

Not enough free water in cell to support life.

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67
Q

ARG

A

Auxin Response Factor

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68
Q

Auxins

A
  • Control Stem Elongation-Apical Dominance-Cell Elongation-G
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69
Q

Near East

A

-10,00-Wheat-Barley-Peas-Lentils-

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70
Q

Central America/ Mexico

A

-9000-Squash-Avocado-Beans-Amaranth-Chili pepper-Corn

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71
Q

Far East/China

A

-8,500-Rice-Soybeans

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72
Q

South America

A

-7,000-Potato-Cassava

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73
Q

New Guinea Highlands

A

-7,000-Banana-Taro

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74
Q

Eastern North America

A

-4,500-Sunflower-Mash-elder-Goose-foot-Gourds

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75
Q

Sub-Saharan Africa

A

-4,000-Sorghum-Millet

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76
Q

Teosinte Glume Architecture 1(TGA1)

A

-Function; Mutation Caused kernels to be naked.-Benefit to man; Easy to prepare and eat.-Disadvantage to plants: Seeds destroyed in the gust of wild animals.

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77
Q

Teosinte Branched 1(TB1)

A

-Function:Reduced tillering and branching of stalk.-Benefit to man: Small number of large ears.-Disadvantage to plants: Fertilization less efficient.

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78
Q

Days To Harvest

A

-Many-Function: Uniform time of flowering.-Benefit to man: Single harvest.-Disadvantage to plants: Subject to droughts, natural disasters.

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79
Q

Loss of Seed Dormancy

A

-Many-Function: Seeds germinate upon planting-Benefit to man: full stands of uniform grain.-Disadvantage to plants: Fall germination and death of seedlings.

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80
Q

PAR

A

-Photosynthetically Active Radiation

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81
Q

PPF

A

-Photosynthetic Photon flux-Amount of PAR Photons striking a unit area per unit of time.-Measured in micromols per meter squared per second.-Measures PAR between (400 to 700 nm)

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82
Q

PPF at noon on a summer day

A

200 umols m2- sec1-

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83
Q

PPF range for Photosynthetic compensation Point

A

-Varies from Species to species-generally between 30 and 120 umols m2- sec1-

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84
Q

Photosynthesis

A

6CO2+6H20–sunlight–>C6H1206+6O2

85
Q

What is produced by light reactions?

A

-ATP-NADPH-These are used to fuel Calvin Cycle

86
Q

What is produced by Dark reactions?

A

-Uses ATP and NADPH to produce sugar.

87
Q

Respiration

A

C6H1206+6O2—->6CO2+6H2O+36ATP

88
Q

Amarath

A

-9,000-Mexico/ Central America

89
Q

Avacados

A

-9,000-Mexico/ Central America

90
Q

Bananas

A

-7,000-New Guinea Highlands

91
Q

Barley

A

-10,000-Near East/ Fertile Crescent

92
Q

Beans

A

-9,000-Mexico/ Central America

93
Q

Cassava

A

-7,000-South America

94
Q

Chili Peper

A

-9,000-Mexico/ Central America

95
Q

Corn

A

-7,000-South America

96
Q

Goose Foot

A

-4,500-Eastern North America

97
Q

Gourds

A

-4,500-Eastern North America

98
Q

Lentils

A

-10,000-Near East/ Fertile Crescent

99
Q

Marsh Elder

A

-4,500-Eastern North America

100
Q

Millet

A

-4,000-Africa

101
Q

Peas

A

-10,000-Near East/ Fertile Crescent

102
Q

Potatos

A

-7,000-South America

103
Q

Rice

A

-8,500-Far East/ China

104
Q

Sorghum

A

-4,000-Africa

105
Q

Soybeans

A

-8,500-Far East/ China

106
Q

Squash

A

-9,000-Mexico/ Central America

107
Q

Sunflower

A

-4,500-Eastern North America

108
Q

Taro

A

-7,000-New Guinea Highlands

109
Q

Wheat

A

-10,000-Near East/ Fertile Crescent

110
Q

Angiosperm Life Cycle

A

Phase 1: EmbryonicPhase 2: JuvenilePhase 3: TransitionalPhase 4: Adult-A. Vegetative-B. Reproductive

111
Q

Phase 1

A

Embryonic

112
Q

Phase 2

A

Juveline

113
Q

Phase 3

A

Transitional

114
Q

Phase 4

A

Adult-A. Vegetative-B. Reproductive

115
Q

Signal Response Pathways

A
  1. Signal2. Regulation of transcription factors-2a. off-2b. on3. DNA4. MRNA—>Protein5. Small RNA-5a. SI RNA-5b. MI RNA
116
Q

Secondary xylem

A

-Xylem from years past-Dead-Woody center part

117
Q

Cork Cambium

A

-Bark layer -on the outside

118
Q

Vascular Cambium

A

-meristem-Outside of the secondary xylem-Growing

119
Q

Ploem

A

-Active Transport -Between cork cambium and vascular cambium

120
Q

Mitosis

A
  1. Interphase2. Prophase3. Metaphase4. Anaphase5. Telophase
121
Q

interphase

A

-Where a Cell spends the majority of it’s life- Some Cells Get Stuck here

122
Q

Prophase

A
  • DNA is replicated
123
Q

Metaphase

A

-Replicated chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

124
Q

Anaphase

A

-Chromosomes are pulled apart from their sister chromatids.

125
Q

Telophase

A

-New cells begin to separate.

126
Q

Realistic water potential for:Soil

A

-0.04mPa

127
Q

Realistic water potential for:Roots

A

-0.2 mPa

128
Q

Realistic water potential for:Stems

A

-1.0 mPa

129
Q

Realistic water potential for:Leaves

A

-1.4 mPa

130
Q

Realistic water potential for:Atmosphere

A

-100 mPa

131
Q

What is the water potential value for:Field capacity

A

-0.033 mPa- changes depending on soil type.

132
Q

What is the water potential value for:Permanent wilt point

A

-1.5 mPa

133
Q

Why can’t plants tolerate water potential at or below permanent wilt point?

A

Not enough free water in cell to support life.

134
Q

ARG

A

Auxin Response Factor

135
Q

Auxins

A
  • Control Stem Elongation-Apical Dominance-Cell Elongation-G
136
Q

Layering is most useful in clones that are…

A

Active and hard to root

137
Q

Shoots of deciduous plants that are layered in the spring usually will be removed from the plant in…

A

The fall

138
Q

Air layering is carried out by enclosing the shoot with —– and wrapping with ——-

A
  1. Plastic
  2. Tinfoil
139
Q

Girdling

A

Removal of a layer of bark around the stem in air layering.

140
Q

suckers

A

Shoots tht develope from latent buds on lower parts of woody plants.

141
Q

Rhizome

A

Larg masses of rooted shoots and the surface of the ground formed by herbacious perenials.

142
Q

Rhizome is propagated by…

A

Chipping/ Twin scaling

143
Q

Geophytes

A

Plants that survive periods of adverse enviornmental condiions as underground storage organs.

144
Q

Two Types of Bulbs

A
  1. Tunicate
  2. Scaley
145
Q

Basal Plate

A

Flattened modified stem found in a bulb.

Modified storage leaves, scales, the apical meristem and adventitious roots grwo from this structure.

146
Q

bulbils

A

Most common propagation method for bulbs. Is natural separation.

147
Q

Scaling

A

Removing scales and placing them in a suitable medium to induce bulblet formation

148
Q

Chipping

A

Bulb propagation by removing a pair of bulb scales with a portion of the basal plate.

149
Q

Cormels

A

Small offsets that form on a corm

150
Q

Tuber

A

A swollen modified stem that functions as a storage organ

151
Q

Tuberous root

A

Enlarged fleshy root with a section of stem tissue at the end.

152
Q

Sources of verigation

A
  1. Chimearas
  2. Pattern Genes
  3. Transposons
  4. Viruses
153
Q

Chimearas

A

L1, L2, L3 mutation

  • White boarder with green inner
  • Green boarder with white inner
154
Q

Pattern Genes

A

genes

-Distinct and uniform pattern

155
Q

Transposons

A
  • Jumping genes
  • Random verigation
156
Q

Viruses

A

Viruses

-No reversion back to normal

157
Q

Micro Propagation Proceedure

A
  • Embryo Rescue
  • Virus Elimination
  • Production of doubled haploids
  • Genetic transformation
158
Q

Embryo rescue

A

Purpose: overcome dormancy

test viability

rescue wide hybrids

Steps: Excise embryo

culture embryo

159
Q

Virus elimination

A

Purpose: Get rid of viruses

Steps: Culture meristem dome (0.2 mm)

160
Q

Production of doubled haploids

A

Purpose: instantaineous homozygous lines containing genes from two parents.

Steps:- Culture immature pollen

  • Chemically double Chromosomes
  • Regenerate doubled haploid plants
161
Q

Genetic Transformation

A

Purpose: useful transgenic plants

Steps:- Shoot genes in or use agrobacteria

-Regenerate transgenic plants.

162
Q

Methods of micropropagation

A

Preexisting buds*

Adventitious buds*

Somatic embryogenesis

*most common

163
Q

Pre-existing buds

A
  • explant: stems with buds
  • Advantages: Low soma clonal variation
  • Disadvantages: Low multiplication rate
164
Q

Adventitious buds

A

Explant: Buds, Leaves, Stems Roots,(most common)

Embryos, flowers, much more (less common)

  • Advantages: higher multiplication rate
  • Disadvantages: Higher frequency of somal clonal variation
165
Q

Somatic embryogenesis

A

Explant: immature flowers or embryos

  • advatages: potentially highest rate of propagation, good for genetic engineering
  • Disadvantages: Few species/varieties that it will work with
166
Q

Plant tissue culture stages

A

Stage 0: Donar plant selection and prep

Stage I: Clean Culture

Stage II: Multiplication

Stage III: Rooting

Stage IIII: Acclimitization

167
Q

Stage 0

A

Donar plant selection and prep

Purpose: healthy plants

Proceedures: Good Greenhouse managment

168
Q

Stage 1

A

Clean culture

Purpose: Clean Culture

Proceedure: 1. Disinfestation 2. Aseptic tequnique

169
Q

Stage II

A

Rooting

Purpose: Rooting

Proceedure: 1. no hormones of auzins

  1. 1/2 strength MS medium
  2. Higher light
170
Q

Stage III

A

Acclimitization

purpose Healthy plants

Proceedure: Mist tents (usually longer than regular cuttings)

171
Q

Blanching

A

Exclusion of light from the intact stem after it has grown.

172
Q

Etiolation

A

Development of a plant stem of part in the absence of light

173
Q

Stooling

A

The practice of cutting shoots back to the base, as described for mound layering.

174
Q

Stool Shoots

A

Clusters of shoot that emerge when a stem is cut to its base.

175
Q

Simple layer

A

A type of layering in which single one year old shoots are gent to the ground, covered with soin, and then girdled to stimulate root initiation of the stem.

176
Q

Compound layering

A

A type of layering in which the entire horizontal shoot is covered with rooting media

177
Q

Mound

A

Shoots are cut to the ground and soil is mounded around them to stimulate roots to develop.

178
Q

Trench

A

Initial stem iused to establish the layering system is laid hoizontally in a trench. Shoots develop from nodes along the stem that are then covered with rooting substrate. Used on things that don’t work with mound layering.

179
Q

Tip Layering

A

Form of natureal lyering in which the stem tip of some species form roots when inserted into the soil.

180
Q

Stolon

A

Specialized underground stem that grows laterally from the crown of the plant to produce either anouther plant or tuber

181
Q

Offset

A

Specialized leafy plant stem that develops from the base of many monocots and is used for propagation

182
Q

Suckers

A

Adventitious shoots that emerge from a root or from the vicinity of the crown

183
Q

Water sprout

A

A term given to a shoot emerging from a latent bud on the crown or trunk of a tree.

184
Q

Crown

A

Root stem juncture of a plant

185
Q

Crown Division

A

A method of propagation in which the crown of a plant (usually an herbaceous perennial) is separated into parts with stem and root material attached.

186
Q

Separation

A

A type of clonal propagation that utilizes detachable structures on the plant as propagules

187
Q

Division

A

A type of clonal propagation that involves cutting or dividing the plant into sections with stem and roots.

188
Q

Bulb

A

Underground structure produced mainly by monocots. Hs a short modified stem eclosed in fleshy leaves (scales) modified for sugar storage.

189
Q

Corm

A

Underground rounded stem consisting of compacted nodes with lateral bud. Corms are replaced each growth cycle by new corm on top or tho the side of the old.

Stem axis is swollen and is enclosed by a dry membranous tunic.

190
Q

Tuber

A

Swollen underground stem modified for food storage with easily distiguished nodes and buds.

Similar to corms except for lateral orientation

191
Q

Tuberous stem

A

Flattened swollen stem produced by enlargment of the hypocotyl at root-shoot junction. Perennial structure that can become large.

192
Q

Tuberous root

A

Elarged fleshy root with shoots produced at one end and the roots at the other.

The special swollen root system attached to the crown in specific herbaceous perennials.

193
Q

Rhizome

A

Specialized stem that grows horizontally at or just below the ground.

194
Q

Pseudobulb

A

Above-ground enlarged stem with several nodes. Produced by orchids.

195
Q

tunicate

A

Type of bulb scale characterized by concentric layers of fleshy tissue

196
Q

Scaly

A

A type of bulb structure in which scales are fleshy separate and not enclosed with a mebranous layer.

197
Q

Contractile roots

A

Thickened, fleshy roots that pull the bulb to a deeper layer in the soil.

198
Q

Basal cuttage

A

Practice of cutting in to the base of a bulb to stimulate adventitious bulbet formation on the base of scales.

199
Q

Scooping

A

the basal cuttage carried out by cutting away the basal plant witha special scoop-like device.

200
Q

Scoring

A

Basal cuttage carried out by cutting at right angles across the base of the bulb.

201
Q

Bulb Cutting

A

Propagation in which a bulb is cut into fragments of three or 4 bulb sclaes attached at the basal plate. AKA bulb chipping

202
Q

Twin Scaling

A

A variation of bulb cutting using a segment of two scales with a portion of the basal plate.

203
Q

Eyes

A

cluster of buds at the nodes of the potato tuber

204
Q

Tuberization

A

The biological process that leads to tuber formation

205
Q

Suberization

A

Formation of suberin on the cut surface of a tuber as a wound healing process.

206
Q

Tubercles

A

Small aerial tubers produced in leaf axils of certain plants.

207
Q

Fleshy roots

A

Massive enlargement of a secondary root for carbohydrate storage and propagation.

208
Q

Culm

A

Upright flowering stems produced on a rhizome

Plant Propagation (3 decks)

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