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Theories of Personalities > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 stages?

A
  1. Trust v. Mistrust
  2. Autonomy vs. shame, doubt
  3. Initiative vs. guilt
  4. Industry vs. Inferiority
  5. Identity vs. Identity Diffusion
  6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
  7. Generativity vs. self-absorption
  8. Integrity vs. Despair
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2
Q

Trust v. Mistrust

A
  • First stage
  • Age: infancy
  • Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.
  • Strength: Hope
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3
Q

Autonomy vs. shame, doubt

A
  • 2nd stage
  • Age: early childhood (2-3 years old)
  • Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure could lead to feelings of shame & doubt.
  • Strength: Will
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4
Q

Initiative vs. guilt

A
  • 3rd stage
  • Age: Play age (3-5 years)
  • Children need to begin asserting control &power over the environment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too much power may experience disproval, resulting in a sense of guilt.
  • Strength: Purpose
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5
Q

Industry vs. Inferiority

A
  • 4th stage
  • Age: school age (6 to 11)
  • Children need to cope w/ new social &academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority
  • Strength: Competence
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6
Q

Identity vs. Identity Diffusion

A
  • 5th stage
  • Age: Adolescence
  • Teens need to develop a sense of self &personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self.
  • Strength: Fidelity
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7
Q

Intimacy vs. Isolation

A
  • 6th Stage
  • Age: Early adulthood
  • Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation.
  • Strength:Love
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8
Q

Generativity vs. self-absorption

A
  • 7th stage
  • Age: adulthood
  • Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people. Success leads to feelings of usefulness &accomplishment. Failure results in shallow involvement in the world.
  • Strength: Care
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9
Q

Integrity vs. Dispair

A
  • 8th stage
  • Age: old age
  • Older adults need to look back on life &feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness &despair.
  • Strength: Wisdom
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10
Q

Who began ego psychology?

A

Anna Freud

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11
Q

For Anna Freud what was the role of the ego defense mechanisms?

A
  • Unconscious strategies the ego employs for keeping anxiety, or other threats to the ego out of awareness.
  • Total of 15 defense mechanisms
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12
Q

What are Anna Freud’s Narcissistic Mechanisms?

A
  1. Identification: excluding awareness from consciousness
  2. Denial: Distorts reality to protect the ego from external threats.
  3. Reversal: Reduces both aim & content of an instinct to make impulses acceptable.
  4. Turning against the self: Turns hatred or other unacceptable emotion against the self instead of to others.
  5. Repression & Regression: are in the 3 stages of mechanisms
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13
Q

What are Anna Freud’s Intermediate Mechanisms?

A
  1. Undoing what has been done: attempt by symbolic or motor action to make a past happening non-exsistent
  2. Isolation: removes instinctual impulse form its emotional context, so the idea is isolated from feelings
  3. Reaction formation: hold off unacceptable impulses by emphasizing opposite thoughts & behaviors (believes it is the most mature)
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14
Q

What are Anna Freud’s Sophisticated High-Level Mechanisms?

A
  1. Intellectualization: Copes with instinctual conflicts by translating them into intellection terms (writing about sex rather than participating in it)
  2. Rationalization: Devises a plausible explanation for engaging in forbidding behavior
  3. Projection: Unconsciously projects one’s unacceptable behavior, impulse onto someone else
  4. Displacement: Allows unacceptable parts of the unconscious to bypass resistance & appear in dram thoughts
  5. Substitution: (similar to Freud’s misplacement) leaves the source, aim & energy of an impulse the same, but changes the target
  6. Sublimation: (highest) transforms unacceptable impulses into socially accepted prized behaviors (dexter & blood)
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15
Q

According to Melanie Klein, what is object relations theory?

A

Is the inner life of the infant & young child that is full of images of death & destruction

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16
Q

According to Melanie Klein, what is depressive position?

A

A developmental stage, peaking at about 6 months, when the infant fears that losing or destroying the beloved caretaker.

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17
Q

What are the parts of the object-relations theory?

A
  1. Introjected Objects: internalized image of parens & other adults. She viewed the child’s inner world as savage and sadistic filled with persecution and fear
  2. Whole & part objects: whole objects are internal images of entire persons. parts are are images of separate organs & products
  3. Early superego: Sadistic & sever, this introjected parental object & comes before oedipal conflict.
  4. Id: Sadistic center of protection against death & frightening objects, ego functions in sorting out “good” & “bad” part & whole objects
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18
Q

What are the motivations in Klein’s Model of personality (also what makes a person go)?

A
  1. Splitting: Advances development by splitting whole objects into more manageable “good” or “bad” parts (projection)
  2. Death instincts: Anxiety about death-driving force]
  3. Epistemophilic instinct: Desire to know
  4. Weaning: the pivotal development event triggering intense sadistic impulses
  5. Sadistic impulses: the child’s mean of protection from the threatening enemies such as parent, caretakers, and “others” out there.
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19
Q

What are the development parts in Klein’s Model of personality?

A
  1. Infant passes through positions
  2. Paranoid position: birth - 3mo
  3. Depressive position: begins 3-6mo., helps them develop tools for life.
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20
Q

What are the individualism parts in Klein’s Model of personality?

A
  1. No infant care-taker relationships are the same

2. Each infant brings unique blend of splitting, emotions, etc.

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21
Q

According to Melanie Klein, what filed a baby’s mind?

A

Agressiveness & cruelty

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22
Q

What was Melanie Klein’s “lasting legacy”?

A

Play therapy (1923): a treatment method that encourages children to play out their feelings.

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23
Q

What is the difference between Psychoanalysis and Object Relations Theory?

A

Psychoanalysis refers to a treatment method for the alleviation of emotional problems (intrapersonal), while object relation theory maintains that human relationships are the primary motivational source of life (interpersonal)

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24
Q

What are the parts of Karen Horney’s “selves”?

A
  1. Despised real self: experiences the self as unworthy & detestable
  2. Ideal self: strives for perfection
  3. Positive real self: authentic core with the potential for growth & health
  4. Actual self: the sum of everything a person actually is, disregarding judgment by others.
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25
Q

How did Horney respond to Freud’s Penis Envy?

A

She accepted that penis envy might occur occasionally in neurotic women, but stated that “womb envy” occurs just as much in men
- Womb envy: theory that men were envious of a woman’s ability to bear children.

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26
Q

According to Horney, what are 4 ways we protect ourselves in childhood anxiety?

A
  1. Securing love & affection
  2. Being submissive
  3. Attaining power
  4. Withdrawing
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27
Q

What are neurotic trends?

A
  • 3 categories of behaviors & attitude toward oneself & others that express a person’s needs
  • Neurotic persons are compelled to act based on one of the neurotic trends
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28
Q

What are the neurotic trends that move TOWARDS others?

A
  1. Affection & approval

2. A dominant partner

29
Q

What are the neurotic trends that move AGAINST others?

A
  1. Power
  2. Exploitation
  3. Prestige
  4. Admiration
  5. Achievement or ambition
30
Q

What are the neurotic trends that move AWAY others?

A
  1. Self-sufficiency
  2. Perfection
  3. Narrow limits to life
31
Q

According to Horney what kind of personality moves towards others?

A

A compliant personality

32
Q

According to Horney what kind of personality moves against others?

A

An aggressive personality

33
Q

According to Horney what kind of personality moves away from others?

A

A detached personality

34
Q

What did Kohut stress in his theory of self-psychology?

A

Stressed that individuals need relationships throughout life.

35
Q

What is mirroring according to Kohut?

A
  • A mother who empathically affirms her infant’s sense of health, happiness, greatness & strength
  • Validating feelings (professors example: when daughter fell)
36
Q

What are Kohut’s similarities to freud?

A
  • Emphasis on relationship
  • Transference reaction critical
  • Presenting problem - likely subset of larger personality deficit
  • Importance of early developmental factors
37
Q

What are Kohut’s differences to freud?

A
  • Kohut emphasized empathy
  • Intrapsychic versus interpersonal history
  • Attitude toward psychosexual factors & stages
38
Q

What did Alfred Adler stress?

A

Adler’s work stressed the importance of nurturing feelings of belonging and striving for superiority.

39
Q

According to Alfred Adler what is social interest?

A
  • An innate potential to cooperate w/ others to achieve personal and societal goals
  • Develops in infancy though learning experience
40
Q

According to Alfred Adler what is organ inferiority?

A
  • Each individual has a weak area in his or her body–organ inferiority, which tends to be the area where illness occurs, such as the stomach, head, heart, back, lungs, etc.
  • Adler said that to some degree every emotion finds expression in the body
41
Q

According to Alfred Adler what is compensatory striving?

A

Becoming stronger, better in some way

42
Q

According to Alfred Adler what is overcompensation (masculine protest)?

A

To feel competent & in control

43
Q

What is individual psychology?

A

Human behavior defined by social, not biological forces.

44
Q

What did Adler suggest about the first born?

A
  • Possible envy at having been dethroned
  • Also may identity w/ parent & be a helper & mentor.
  • Sets pace for others
  • Parents are more anxious
45
Q

What did Adler suggest about the second born?

A

Often more competitive

46
Q

What did Adler suggest about youngest child?

A
  • More likely to be pampered

- Will be ambitious, but may be discouraged too, which results in lazyness

47
Q

What did Adler suggest about the only child?

A
  • Often sweet
  • Too dependent
  • People pleaser
48
Q

What was the basic driving force according to Adler?

A
  • To attempt to overcome death
  • Attempt to overcome the various forms of inferiority & vulnerability we experience
  • To live constructively in the presence of our weakness & vulnerabilities
  • Become superior
49
Q

According to Alfred Adler what does it mean to compensate?

A

Upon discovering that they lack something they try to achieve goals that make them feel superior.

50
Q

According to Alfred Adler what is inferiority complex?

A
  • Every child develops feelings of inferiority because they are around superior, stronger & more capable adults.
  • As a child grows they become obsessed with original feelings of inferiority & strives for recognition & power
  • Complex occurs when child does not compensate
51
Q

According to Alfred Adler what is creative self?

A
  • Places responsibility of one’s personality into their own hands
  • See’s individual as responsible & attempts to show person that they cannot blame others for uncontrollable forces for current condition
52
Q

What does Adler say about birth order?

A

Suggests that birth order affects personality development.

53
Q

What are the 4 personality styles Adler talked about?

A
  1. Ruling type
  2. Leaning type
  3. Avoiding type
  4. Socially useful
54
Q

According to Adler what is the ruling type?

A
  • Tendency to be aggressive, process intense energy that overwhelms anything or anybody who gets in their way
  • some turn energy inward & harm themselves
55
Q

According to Adler what is the leaning type?

A
  • sensitive, rely on others to carry them through life’s challenges
  • lack energy
  • prone to anxieties, obsessions, compulsions & dissociation
56
Q

According to Adler what is the avoiding type?

A
  • Low energy,
  • recoil w/ in selves to conserve energy
  • avoid life as a whole
  • in extreme cases develop psychosis
57
Q

According to Adler what is the socially useful type?

A
  • healthy individuals
  • have adequate, but not overwhelming social interest & energy
  • able to give to others bc they’re not consumed by a sense of inferiority
58
Q

What do Kernberg and Kohut disagree on?

A

Kernberg disagrees with Kohut that there is not n empathic mirroring of caretakers, but on sexuality, aggression & rage are neutralized under the influence of caretakers.

59
Q

What are the three clusters?

A
  • Cluster A: Weird
  • Cluster B: Wild
  • Cluster C: Worried
60
Q

What disorders fall under Cluster A: Weird?

A
  • Paranoid
  • Schizoid
  • Schizotypal
61
Q

What disorders fall under Cluster B: Wild?

A
  • Antisocial
  • Narcissistic
  • Borderline
  • Histrionic
62
Q

What disorders fall under Cluster C: Worried?

A
  • Obsessive-compulsive
  • Dependent
  • Avoidant
63
Q

What personality disorder is generally believed to occur more in women than men?

A

Boderline personality disorder

64
Q

What personality disorder is generally believed to occur more in men than women?

A

NPD

65
Q

What is the difference between a thick-skinned narcissist & a thin skin narcissist

A
  • Thick skinned: exaggerated grandiosity, extraversion, dominance and exploitation of others, intense envy, frequent bouts of rage, aggression, blaming others, and most importantly, the inability to consciously experience shame, seeks to be admired
  • Thin skinned: direct their rage inwardly, resulting in dysphoria or depression, and they experience searing shame, seeks to fuse with an idealized other, more likely to commit suicide
66
Q

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A
  • “Add ons” to normal behaviors
  • Delusions
  • Hallucinations
  • Disorganized speech
67
Q

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A
  • Tend to persist longer than positive symptoms
  • More difficult to treat
  • Emotionless
  • Withdrawal
  • Struggling with the basics of daily life
  • No follow through
68
Q

What is paranoid schizophrenia?

A

Patient has delusion that a person or individuals are plotting against them or their family

69
Q

Which gender is paranoid SZ more commonly seen?

A

Men

Theories of Personalities (3 decks)

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