Final Review Flashcards
The Romans borrowed their musical tradition from which culture?
The Greeks
What nationality were Pythagoras, Plato and Aristotle?
Greek
Which of the following was “the most revered authority on music” during the Middle Ages?
Boethius
What nationality would troubadours have been?
French
Which Greek philosopher first measured out pitches and discovered their mathematical properties?
Pythogoras
What style of music did the church borrow directly from Roman culture?
Chant
What are the dates that music historians use for the “Middle Ages”?
450-1450 C.E.
What is polyphony?
Music in which voices sing together in independent parts
What is organum?
a type of secular polyphony
What is Aquitanian Organum?
A form of organum in which the lower voice sustains longer notes while the higher voice sings floridly
Which 11th century monk helped to develop a pedagogical system that helped people sight sing music?
Guido de Arezzo
Who would have performed Goliard songs during medieval times?
Jongleurs
Which service is the most important service in the Catholic church?
The Mass
Who was the famous female composer of religious songs and musical dramas from the middle ages?
Hildegard of Bingen
What do we call the eight systems of pitch organization that were central to medieval music theory?
Church modes
What is the name of the great composer from Paris who compiled the Magnus Liber Organi (The big book of organum)?
Leoninus
What is the name for music in which “a plainchant melody in the principle voice is duplicated a fourth or a fifth below the original voice”?
Parallel organum
What composer was said to have composed “very many better clausulae” that other composers? He was the successor of Leoninus, and was the first to add a 3rd and 4th voice to his music.
Perotinus
The defining feature of the (blank) during the Middle Ages was its use of borrowed chant material in the tenor.
Motet
What was the name of the genre that Notre Dame composers began to use in the late middle ages that used two to four voices of rhymed, metrical, strophic poems in Latin? This genre featured multiple voiced that sang together in virtually the same rhythm, which really set it apart from other genres.
The Madrigal
Who were the two famous composers of polyphony who worked at the Notre Dame Cathedral?
Leonin and Perotin
What secular, polyphonic muscial genre borrowed material directly from chants, yet it was not religious?
The motet
What French city housed the pope for many years during the 14th century?
Avignon
What two events caused widespread destruction during the 14th century?
The Hundred Years’ War and the Black Death
Isorhythm, talea, and color are all terms associated with which period in music?
Ars Nova
Which of the following is not a type of 14th French chanson?
Gavotte
Which French musician, poet and bishop is attributed with the original treatise called the Ars Nova?
Philippe de Vitry
Which period of music in Italy directly mirrored the French Ars Nova?
The Trecento
What city was the heart of all musical changes during the 1300’s in Italy?
Florence
Which composer is associated primarily with the Italian Trecento?
Francesco Landini
What was the name of the musical movement in France during the 1300’s where music become much more rhythmically complicated and great developments in music were achieved?
Ars Nova
Who was the Italian composer famous for writing many secular songs during the Trecento? He was blinded by smallpox as a child, but was still a skilled organist?
Francesco Landini
Which composer was the first to compose a setting for the mass that treated all separate movements as one work? This composer was the most famous French composer of the Ars Nova.
Guillame de Machaut
What was the name for the period of dramatic change in Italian music during the 1300’s?
Trecento
Which French composer of the Ars Nova greatly influenced Chaucer?
Guillame de Machaut
Which French composer was the first we know of to compile his own complete works?
Guillame de Machaut
Which Italian composer from the Trecento era composed virtually no sacred music despite working as an organist at a church?
Francesco Landini
Which period of music directly preceded the Renaissance, and was essentially a blending of the French and Italian styles of music to produce more complex polyphony?
Ars Subtilior
What are the dates music historians use for the Renaissance in music?
1450-1600
What was the name for the musical changes in both France and Italy in which music became even more complex and extravagant than during the Ars Nova and Trecento movements?
Ars Subtilior
Which composer became the “best known” composer of the early Renaissance? He was the “illegitimare son” of an unknown man and a single woman, which was taboo in his day! He eventually became an ordained priest, and his music was called “the greatest ornament of our age”.
Guillame Du Day
Which early Renaissance composer was known for composing almost exclusively “secular” songs? He wrote many French Chanson.
Gille de Binchois
Which country was Burgundy a region of? The duke of Burgundy became nearly as powerful as his “king” during the early Renaissance.
France
What event caused many scholars to flee to Europe with ancient Greek and Roman manuscripts? This event allowed the Rennaisance philosophers to have wider access to the ancient Philosophers’ teachings
The fall of Constantinople
What modern say country would the “Franco-Flemish”composer be coming from for the most part?
France
Which composer became the “leading composer” of his time? This Flemish composer composed in all styles available to him, bus specially loved the motet because of the versatility it allowed
Josquin de Prez
Which Renaissance composer was one of the first to use four more or less equal voices in his music? He influenced later composers such as Josquin de Prez
Jean de Ockghem
What invention revolutionized the ability to spread and disseminate music during the Renaissance?
The printing press
Which Italian composer became a living legend during the late Renaissance? This composer worked in Rome for the Catholic church for his whole life, and he was considered the “counter-reformation” composer. He is also the one who saved polyphony.
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
Which German man started the Reformation? This man would profoundly influence music through many of the changes he started in the German churches.
Martin Luther
Which French reformer “stripped churches and services of everything that might distract worshipers” including musical instruments and polyphony?
Jean Calvin
Why did Henry VII of England break away from the Catholic church?
He wanted a divorce
What was the name of the Lutheran musical development that was one of the main contributions to music in the Reformation? This type of music focused on a “text and tune”
Chorale
Which Florentine scholar was the primary person who pushed the idea of an entire Greek tragedy being performed in son? This led to the development of opera during the early baroque period
Girolamo Mei
Which “innovative and imaginative” composer is responsible for composer L’Orfeo? His operas were very influential and would be performed after his death and until modern times.
Claudio Monterverdi
In what city did opera began to develop during the early Baroque? This city is where the “camerata” was held.
Rome
As opera developed, the center for new development shifted to (blank) where more wealthy people lived and could afford this kind of lavish entertainment.
London
Why did the castrati rise to prominence in opera during the Baroque?
Because female singers were prohibited from the stage
Which female composer from the early Baroque was able to publish more cantatas than any other composer? She was a popular singer and composer in Venice her entire life.
Barbara Strozzi
What genre of music is similar to opera in that it is a sung story, yet it is no acted out or staged.
Oratorio
Which German composer was the first to gain “international reputation”? He traveled to Italy during the early Baroque period to study with Gabrieli and Monteverdi, and he was able to synthesize the Italian style of music with the German tradition.
Heinrich Schutz
As composers began to experiment with new techniques during the early Baroque, they began to refer to the stile antico. What did this term refer to?
The contrapuntal style of Palestrina
What terms refers to a piece where the composer uses the same melody for each stanza of poetry? Sometimes the composer makes minor modifications to the rhythms or harmonies, but for the most part each stanza has the same music.
Strophic Aria
Which Italian, Baroque composer became the “first composer of international stature to focus primarily on instrumental music?
Girolomo Frescobaldi
What term from the early Baroque means in a broad sense “any independent piece for instruments”?This term literally means “played” in Italian
Sonata
What instrument was the “keyboard instrument of choice for princely chambers and households” during the early Baroque? This was specially true in France
Harpsichord
During the early baroque, instrumental music became less and less important as vocal music finally became the dominant style.
False
The organ became one of the most popular instruments in German churches during the Baroque period.
True
What was the most famous violin maker who’s violins are now worth millions of dollars? His methods for creating instruments are considered to be a “lost art”.
Antonio Stradivari
How many instruments would you expect to perform in a “trio sonata”?
4
What Baroque, Italian composer was one of the first composers to have a reputation entirely based on his instrumental works? He composed primarily string sonatas and lived and worked in Rome for most of his life
Arcangelo Corelli
Baroque musicians were expected to ornament music so that they could “move the affections” of their listeners
True
If you hear an instrumental sonata, it will usually only have one movement (section)
False
Which French, Baroque composer was called “the most powerful force in French music in the 17th century”? He died because he accidentally cut his toe with his own conducting staff and caused gangrene to set in
Jean-Baptiste Lully
The term “opera diva” referred to (blank).
The leading sopranos who were able to sell opera tickets
Which English, Baroque composer composed Dido and Aeneas, which was one of the first English operas to be successful in England. He was described as the “British Orpheus” and he composed numerous other works that cemented his reputation as a famous composer
Henry Purcell
This German, Baroque composer was regraded by his contemporaries as one of the best composer of the baroque. He composed over 3,000 vocal and instrumental works, which in more than any other composer we know of from this time period
George Phillipp Telemann
The public concert first became important during the Baroque period
True
Which French, Baroque composer was “among the most active proponents of blending French and Italian tastes”? This composer became very famous for his harpsichord compositions, and he made a living teaching the harpsichord and playing organ in an important church in Paris
Francois Couperin
Which Italian, Baroque composer was renowned as a virtuoso violinist , and is most famous today for his violin concertos? He was also knows as IL Preto Rosso (The Red Priest) due to his red hair (which is usually covered by a wig in portraits).
Antonio Vivaldi
Vivaldi worked at an “osepdali” which was a (blank).
Orphanage for poor and illegitimate girls
Which instrumental genre became “the most important type of Baroque instrumental music” and helped to “establish the orchestra…”?
Concerto
In what city did Antonio Vivaldi live and work? This city was a cultural center for music including opera and instrumental music despite being on the economic decline.
Venice
Which Baroque composer from Germany was well known for composing Italian operas in England? He was one of the most commercially successful composers of opera during the baroque
George Frideric Handel
What was the name of the incredibly successful castrato who worked with an opera company that was Handel’s main rival? This castrato was considered to be one fo the greatest stars of the opera stage during the Baroque
Farinelli
Why did George Frideric begin composing oratorios?
He wanted to make money during Lent, and operas could not be performed
George Frideric Handel’s music was not well known during his lifetime, but it became famous after his death in 1759
False
Handel’s oratorio called Messiah became his most famous work
True
Opera Buffa (comic opera) used a series of characters that would have been familiar to the audience such as vain ladies, miserly men or deceitful husbands. We still use these types of characters today in film and theater. What do we call these types of characters.
stock characters
In which country would you expect to find Ballad Operas?
England
Which opera reformer “saved” opera from the excesses that had crept in during the late Baroque and early classical period? This composer simplified his melodies and made the overture an integral part of his operas. His work would influence later composers like Hector Berlioz
Cristoph Willibald Gluck
Music in the classical period borrowed much of its terminology and structure from rhetoric
True
During the late baroque period and early classical period, comic operas was considered greatly superior to serious opera
False
Which type of musical form feature two section of music, each repeated?
Binary
What type of music became “the leading genre for solo and chamber music” during the Classical era?
Da capo aria
What Italian composer was born the same year as J.S. Bach and G.F. Handel, but ended up spending most of his life in Spain? This composer had a distinct Keyboard and style and seemingly had neither predecessors nor successors
Domenico Scarlatti
Although the meaning of sonata was a “multi movement work for a small group of instruments” during the Baroque, its meaning morphed during the classical period to a “compositional procedure of form.”
True
Which type of binary form contains a section of repeated material from the first section?
Rounded
What city in Germany housed on of the first great orchestras? This city’s orchestra was described as an “army of generals” due to their incredible precision of the orchestra. The great composer/conductor Johann Stamitz was in charge of this orchestra
Mannheim
What was the name of the “sentimental” style of composition that became popular in the 1700’s? Two of J.S. Bach’s son’s became important composers in this movement
Empfindsam
Which composer was the first to compose a piano concerto? This composer was J.S. Bach’s youngest son, and would influence a younger composer named Wolfgang Amedeus Mozart in his later years.
Johann Christian Bach
As the Empfindsam style reached its heights during the 1760’s and 1770’s it culminated in what was often called Sturm und Drang (Storm and Stress). This style came from a German literary style that relished tormented, gloomy, terrified, and irrational feelings
True
Although there were great advanced in technology behind woodwind and brass instruments during the early 1700’s, composers only wrote for string instruments. This was due to an edict from King Frederick the Great
False
Which important classical composer began life as a “child prodigy” and performed in front of virtually every important person in Europe? He would later become and important free-lance composer in Vienna before his untimely death in 1791
Wolgang Amadeus Mozart
Which composer piano concertos where the model for those of Wolfgang Amedus Mozart?
Johann Christian Bach
In what city did Mozart live and work as a mature musician? This city was a hotbed for musical innovation during the classical period
Vienna
Mozart was never able to make any money as a soloist in Vienna because the public concert scene was not yet developed enough for hism to regularly perfrom
False
Mozart based the forms for his symphonies of off Haydn and generally followed Haydn’s lead on the form of his symphonies
True
