Final Review Flashcards by Dillon Wiley

When addition or subtraction is performed, the significant figures are rounded to the…

least significant decimal place.

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When multiplication or division is performed, the significant figures are rounded to the…

least number of significant figures.

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What are the three steps to naming an ionic compound?

Write the cation
If the anion is an element, change it’s ending to -ide. If it is a polyatomic, write the full name
If the cation can have more than one charge, write it’s charge as a roman numeral

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An oxyanion with the fewest oxygens has…

the prefix hypo- and ending -ite

ex: ClO-

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An oxyanion with the second-fewest oxygens has…

the ending -ite

NO2-

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An oxyanion with the second-most oxygens has…

the ending -ate

NO3-

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An oxyanion with the most oxygens has…

the prefix per- and the ending -ate

ClO4-

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If the anion in an acid ends in -ide change…

the ending to -ic and add the prefix hydro-

ex: HCl is hydrochloric acid

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If the anion in an acid ends in -ite, change…

the ending to -ous

ex: HClO is hypochlorous

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If the anion in an acid ends in –ate, change…

the ending to -ic

ex: HClO3 is chloric acid

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When an acid and a base are combined, the products are…

a salt and water.

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Steps to writing Net Ionic Equations

Write the balanced molecular equation
Dissociate all strong electrolytes
Cross out anything that isn’t changed from left to right

(important to remember that polyatomics such as OH stay together as one unit)

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What are the seven strong acids?

HCl, Hbr, HI, HNO3 (Nitric), H2SO4 (sulfiric), HClO3 (chloric), HClO4 (perchloric)

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What are the strong bases?

Soluble salts of: 
alkalai metals
calcium
strontium
barium

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Oxidation occurs when an atom or ion…

loses electrons

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Reduction occurs when an atom or ion…

gains electrons

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Metals in the activity series can displace elements…

below them

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Dilution Formula

MV (concentrated) = MV (dilute)

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Titration Formula

MV (acid) = MV (base)

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In regard to waves, the variable v is used to represent…

frequency

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The variable c is used to represent…

The Speed of Light

3.00E8 m/s

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In regard to waves, the variable that looks like an upside down Y is used to represent…

Wavelength

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The variable h is used to represent…

Planck’s Constant

6.626E-34 J-s

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Speed of light is equal to…

wavelength (in meters) x frequency (in Hz or s-1)

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1 Hz means that there is...

one cycle passing a given point per second.

Wavelength can be measured in...

Meters, Nanometers (E-9), Angstroms (E-10)

Frequency is measured in...

Hz or S-1

What is the equation used to find the energy of a photon?

E=hv

Broglie Wavelength=

Planck's Constant / (mass*velocity)

In the de Broglie formula, what units must be used?

mass in kg, velocity in m/s

Principal Quantum Number

(n) describes energy level on which an orbital resides values greater than or equal to 1

Angular Momentum Quantum Number

(l) describes the shape of an orbital values range from 0 to n-1

What are the letter equivalent of the values of l?

0 - s (sharp) 1 - p (principal) 2 - d (diffuse) 3 - f (fundamental)

Magnetic Quantum Number

(Ml) describes the three dimensional orientation of the orbital values range from -1 to 1

Spin Quantum Number

Two values, +5/-5 | describes spin

Pauli Exclusion Principle

No two electrons in the same atom can have the same energy (therefore, they cannot have the same set of quantum numbers)

What are the maximum number of electrons that can occupy an orbital?

two

What are the orbital shapes?

S - spherical P - dumbell shaped D - lobed

Hund's Rule

For degenerate orbitals, the lowest energy is obtained when the number of electrons with the same spin is maximized

Effective Nuclear Charge

Increases moving left to right/down, but across is stronger

Atomic Bonding Radius

One-half the distance between molecularly bonded nuclei Increases moving right to left/down

Are cations larger or smaller than their parent atoms?

smaller

Are anions smaller or larger than their parent atoms?

larger

First Ionization Energy

Energy required to remove the first electron from an atom's outer shell Increases moving left to right

Where are discontinuities in the trends of First Ionization Energies found?

Between groups 2/3, and 5/6

Electron Affinity

The energy change associated with the addition of an electron to a gaseous atom More exothermic as you move left to right

Where are the discontinuities in electron affinity found?

Between groups 1/2, 4/5

Alkalai Metals

Found in compounds, with low densities/melting points/ionization energies

Alkaline Earth Metals

Higher densities and melting points than alkalai metals | Ionization energies are low, but not as low as that of alkali metals

2 Electron Domains

Linear, 180 degree angles

3 Electron Domains

Trigonal Planar, 120 degree angles 1 nonbonding - bent

4 Electron Domains

Tetrahedral, 109.5 degree angles 1 nonbonding - trigonal pyrimidal 2 nonbonding - bent

5 Electron Domains

Trigonal Bipyrimidal, 120/90 degree angles 1 nonbonding - seesaw 2 nonbonding - t shaped 3 nonbonding - linear

6 Electron Domains

Octahedral, 90 degree angles 1 nonbonding - square pyrimidal 2 nonbonding - square planar

Linear Hybridization

Two sp

Trigonal Planar Hybridization

Three sp2

Tetrahedral Hybridization

Four sp3

Trigonal Bipyrimidal Hybridization

Five sp3d

Octahedral Hybridization

Six sp3d2

Pascals are equivalent to...

1 N/m2

Bars are equivalent to...

10^5 pascals or 100 kPa

1.00 atm = _____ torr

760

What are torr measured in?

mm Hg

Boyle's Law

@ constant temp, volume is inversely proportional to the pressure

Charle's Law

@ constant pressure, volume is directly proportional to absolute temperature

Avogadro's Law

@ constant temperature and pressure, volume is directly proportional to # of moles

What two values are equivalent to d?

m/V, PM/RT

Molecular Mass Formula

M = dRT/P

Mole Fraction

Moles of Component/Total Moles Present

What are the five tenets of Kinetic-Molecular Theory?

1. Gases consist of molecules that are in continuous and random motion 2. Volume of the molecules is negligible compared to the volume of the container 3. Attractive forces between the molecules are negligible 4. Average KE of the molecules doesn't change, even through energy can be transferred through collisions 5. Average KE is proportional to the temp

Kinetic Molecular Formula

(1/2)mv^2=3/2kT

The variable k is used to represent...

Boltzmann's constant 1.3806E-23 J/K

Specific Heat Formula

s = q/(m*change in temp)

In applying the ideal gas law, what units must be used in order to assure that the answer is correct?

``` Pressure - atmospheres Volume - liters n - moles T - K R - constant ```

What is the gas constant (as we use it)?

.08206 L-atm/mol-K