Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Effectiveness

A

Likelihood of achieving policy goals and objectives or demonstrated achievement of them.

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2
Q

Efficiency

A

The achievement of program goals or benefits in relationship to the costs. Least cost for given benefit or the large benefit for a given cost.

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3
Q

Equity

A

Fairness or justice in the distribution of the policy’s costs, benefits and risks across population subgroups.

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4
Q

Where is Equity criterion used?

A

Civil rights, disability rights, tax cuts for the well off and/or the middle class, access to health services and higher education.

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5
Q

Where is Efficiency criterion used?

A

Regulatory policies, such as consumer product protection, food safety, workplace safety and environmental protection.

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6
Q

Liberty/freedom

A

Extent to which public policy extends or restricts privacy and individual rights and choices.

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7
Q

Political feasibility

A

The extent to which elected officials accept and support a policy proposal.

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8
Q

Where is Political feasibility most likely used?

A

Any controversial policy such as gun control, immigration, raising gas taxes, tax cuts for the wealthy or subsidies for oil and gas drilling.

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9
Q

Social acceptance

A

The extent to which the public will accept and support a policy proposal.

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10
Q

Administrative feasibility

A

the likelihood that a department or agency can implement the policy well.

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11
Q

Technical feasibility

A

The availability and reliability of technology needed for policy implementation.

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12
Q

Cost benefit analysis

A

A form of policy analysis in which the costs and benefits or proposed policy actions are considered carefully. Fogged although not all always, the major costs and benefits are measured quantitatively by their value in dollars.

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13
Q

Opportunity costs

A

The value of opportunities that are forgone when time or resources are spent on a given activity.

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14
Q

Discount rate

A

Allows analysts to determinate value of future benefits today, but the choice if the rate, essentially an estimate of inflation over time, clearly can have a profound impact on the results.

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15
Q

Contingent valuation method

A

The use of questionnaires or interviews to determine the economic value that people place on good or services for which there is no market value. (time spent stuck in traffic or the preservation of lakes or forests)

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16
Q

Sensitivity analysis

A

A way to adjust policy analysis by making it sensitive or responsive to changes in any one variable so that the consequences can be better understood under thee varying assumptions.
Example: forecasting can be made sensitive to different assumptions about economic growth or inflation.

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17
Q

Cost-effectiveness analysis

A

A comparison of the relative value of policy alternatives in terms of a given benefit that is delivered; a method for comparing policy alternatives when a dollar value cannot easily be placed on the benefits of action, such as the value lives that are saved by requiring safer automobiles.

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18
Q

Risk management

A

Identifies, estimates, and evaluates the magnitude of the risk to citizens from exposure to various situations such as terrorism, natural hazards ( what governments do to deal with risks)

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19
Q

Impact assessment

A

A form of policy analysis that examines the likely effects or impacts of proposed or adopted policies. May be environmental, social, economic, or other significant impacts.

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20
Q

Ethical analysis

A

The systematic examination of ethical or normative issues in public policy, as problematic.

21
Q

Full employment

A

A goal of economic policy generally defined as the lowest level of unemployment that can be sustained in light of structure of the overall economy. Also described as the condition in which everyone who wishes to work, can find a job.

22
Q

Consumer price index

A

An economic statistic used to measure the inflation rate. The index is calculated by examining percent price changes for a typical market basket of goods.

23
Q

Balance of trade

A

An economic goal related to the role of the United States in an international economy; examines the value of a nations exports compared to its imports.

24
Q

Fiscal policy

A

Created by the government through the budget process, to influence the economy through taxing and spending.

25
Q

Monetary policy

A

Tool used to by the Federal Reserve Board to influence economic policy goals; it attempts to control economic fluctuations by controlling the amount of money in circulation. (money supply)

26
Q

National debt

A

The accumulation of all of the deficits the nation has run historically.

27
Q

Progressive tax

A

A tax that is based on the philosophy that higher earners should pay higher taxes both in terms pf actual dollars and as a percentage of income.

28
Q

Regressive tax

A

A tax that when applied, taxes all individuals at the same time regardless of their income or socioeconomic standing.

29
Q

Tax expenditure

A

A tax subsidy, such as an investment credit or deduction, that is designed to favor a particular industry, activity, or set or people. Called an expenditure because such a subsidy reduces government revenue and thus is like spending money.

30
Q

Children health insurance program

A

A program that helps to ensure that children living in poverty have medical coverage. The gov’t provides the states with funds, which the states match.

31
Q

Medicaid

A

A federal state health insurance program that assists the poor and disabled. The gov’t sets standards for services and pays about half the cost. States pay the rest and set standards for eligibility.

32
Q

Medicare

A

A national health insurance program for senior citizens . Cover basic medical care for 65 and older and others with permanent disabilities.

33
Q

Tricare

A

A health insurance program offered by the U.S department of defense. Includes substantial benefits for retirees with at least twenty years of military service when they become eligible for medicare.

34
Q

Veterans health care system

A

A medical system designed to serve the needs of America veterans by providing primary medical care, specialized care and other medical and social services such as rehabilitation.

35
Q

Cost of living adjustment

A

Programs with COLA have benefits tied to the inflation rate so that benefits increase as inflation increases

36
Q

Culture of poverty

A

A term used by some to describe how those living in poverty learn to work the welfare system to their benefit and pass this information on to their children.

37
Q

Earned income tax credit

A

A tax credit for people who work but have low wages; it reduces the amount of taxes they owe or provides a tax refund.

38
Q

Food stamp program

A

Provides low-income households with coupons that they can use to purchase food. Also called Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

39
Q

Gini coefficient

A

A graphical way to demonstrate a nation’s income equality/inequality by charting the percentage of income made by quintiles (when the population is divided into five groups) of families

40
Q

Means tested programs

A

Social programs in which recipients must meet an income test in order to qualify for benefits

41
Q

Social security

A

Government entitlement program program that provides money for retired workers and their beneficiaries and disabled workers.

42
Q

Department of homeland security

A

The federal executive department, has diverse responsibilities related to protection of the nation from security threats.

43
Q

Defense policy

A

A major component of foreign policy that encompasses the conduct of military affairs, such as choice of weapons systems and deployment troops. Intended to achieve policy goals set by civilian policy makers in white house and congress.

44
Q

Deterrence

A

A policy strategy used most often in national defense in which an object is to deter or prevent a potential enemy from taking harmful actions on the nation.

45
Q

Foreign Policy

A

the collection of gov’t actions that affect U.S national security and the economic and political goals associated with it. Encompasses issues as diverse as international trade, economic assistance to poor nations and immigration.

46
Q

Globalization

A

The growing interrelationship of all nations through global trade. Facilitates the development of an international marketplace in an increasingly connected world.

47
Q

National security agency

A

A secretive intelligence agency created to coordinate, direct and perform activities to protect the U.S gov’t information systems as well as assess a diversity of foreign communications related to national security.

48
Q

National security council

A

A white house advisory body that focuses on issues of national security. Chaired by the president. It includes vice pres, the secretary of state, secretary of treasury, secretary of defense and the assistant to the president for national security affairs (national security advisor)