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Biology- Final Review > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

To function properly, all living things must maintain a constant internal environment through the process of
___________

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

An educated guess, or a __________, may be tested by experimentation

A

Hypothesis

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3
Q

Stating in advance the result that may be obtained from testing a hypothesis is called __________

A

Prediction

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4
Q

A unifying explanation for a broad range of observation is a __________

A

Theory

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5
Q

A _________ experiment is one in which the condition suspected to cause the effect is compared to the same situation without the suspected condition

A

Controlled

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6
Q

The study of the interaction of organisms with their environment and with each other

A

Biology

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7
Q

The base unit for length in the Système International d’Unités (Interantional System of Units) is the
________

A

Meter

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8
Q

A _________ electron microscope passes a beam of electrons over a specimen’s surface, whereas a __________ electron microscope passes a beam of electrons through a thin slice of a specimen.

A

Scanning, transmission

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9
Q

Substances that are changed when they become involved in chemical reactions are called __________, while the new substances that are formed are called ___________

A

Reactant, product

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10
Q

The energy needed to break existing chemical bonds during the initiation of a chemical reaction is called ________.

A

Activation energy

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11
Q

The loss of electrons is called ______, while the gain of electrons by a molecule is called_______.

A

Oxidation, reduction

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12
Q

A substance that dissolves in another is called a(n) __________.

A

Solute

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13
Q

__________ is the most common solvent in cells.

A

Water

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14
Q

Water is very effective at dissolving other polar substances because of its ___________.

A

Polarity

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15
Q

Breaking of _______ bonds is the first thing that happens when water is heated, which means that it takes a great deal of thermal energy to raise the temperature of water.

A

Hydrogen

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16
Q

ATP contains ___________ phosphate groups

A

3

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17
Q

The statement “Cells are produced only from existing cells” is part of the _____________.

A

Cell theory

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18
Q

The ratio of surface area to _________ puts limitations on a cell’s size.

A

Volume

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19
Q

Eukaryotic cells are much larger and have more specialized functions than prolaryotic cells because they contain _______________, which carry out specialized activities.

A

Organelles

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20
Q

The spherical organelles that are the site of protein synthesis in a cell are the ___________.

A

Ribosome

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21
Q

Photosynthesis takes place the the ___________ of plant cells.

A

Chloroplasts

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22
Q

Both plants and animal cells have plasma membranes. In addition, plant cells are surrounded by a(n) _______________.

A

Cell wall

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23
Q

Stacks of thylakoids, called _______, are suspended in the stroma of chloroplasts.

A

Granum

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24
Q

Organism that harvest energy from either sunlight or chemicals in order to make food molecules are called __________.

A

Autotrophs

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25
Q

The main pigment associated with the two photosystems is ________

A

Chlorophyll

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26
Q

____________ is a biochemical pathway of cellular respiration that is anaerobic

A

Glycolysis

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27
Q

During fermentation, either ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide or _____ is formed.

A

Lactic acid

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28
Q

The Krebs cycle takes place in the ____________.

A

Mitochondria

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29
Q

Chromosomes that are not involved in sex determination are called ________.

A

Autosomes

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30
Q

A picture of a cell’s chromosomes is called a(n) ___________.

A

Karyotype

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31
Q

In bacteria, cell division takes place in two stages. Diets the ____________ is copied and then the cell splits.

A

DNA

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32
Q

Collectively, the time spent in G1+S+G2 is called ___________.

A

Interphase

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33
Q

Microtubules that extend from the poles of a cell to the centromere during cell division are called _____________.

A

Spindle fibers

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34
Q

In mitosis, anaphase follows _______.

A

Metaphase

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35
Q

Chromosomes coil up into short rods during _________.

A

Prophase

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36
Q

During cell division, plant cells form a new ___________ in the center of the cell.

A

Cell wall

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37
Q

In eukaryotic cells, ______ takes place after the nucleus divides.

A

Mitosis

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38
Q

The stage of meiosis during which homologous line up along the equator of the cell is called ___________.

A

Metaphase I

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39
Q

The cells resulting from meiosis in either males or females are called ___________.

A

Gametes

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40
Q

As a result of spermatogenesis, four cells are produced that can develop into sperm cells. As a result of oogenesis, only ___________ cell(s) develep(s) into a(n) egg cell(s)

A

One

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41
Q

Cancer occurs as a result of disorders in cell _________.

A

Division

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42
Q

The transferring of pollen between plants is called _______.

A

Cross-pollination

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43
Q

When two members of the F1 generation are allowed to breed with each other, the offspring are referred to as the ____________ generation.

A

F2

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44
Q

Mendel called the offspring of the P generation the first filial generation, or the ___________ generation.

A

F1

45
Q

In mendel’s experiments, a trait that disappeared in the F1 generation but reappeared in the F2 generation was always a _________.

A

Recessive trait

46
Q

An organism’s ______ refers to the set of alleles it has inherited.

A

Genotype

47
Q

The appearance of an organism as a result of its genotype is its _______.

A

Phenotype

48
Q

The likelihood that a specific event will occur is called

A

Probability

49
Q

A table used to determine and diagram the results of a genetic cross is called a __________.

A

Punnett square

50
Q

In genetics, lowercase letters are usually used to indicate ___________.

A

Recessive traits

51
Q

The name of the five-carbon sugar that makes up a part of the backbone of molecules of DNA is ____________.

A

Deoxyribose

52
Q

Watson and Crick determined that DNA molecules have the shape of a double _______________.

A

Helix

53
Q

According to base-pairing rules for DNA, adenine pairs with _______ and guanine pairs with ________

A

Thymine, cytosine

54
Q

The enzyme that is responsible for replicating molecules of DNA by attaching complementary bases in the correct sequence is ___________.

A

DNA polymerase

55
Q

The process by which DNA copies itself is called

A

DNA replication

56
Q

The nitrogenous base that is found only in RNA is

A

Uracil

57
Q

The enzyme responsible for transcribing RNA is called __________

A

RNA polymerase

58
Q

A(n) ______________is a sequence of DNA at the beginning of a gene that signals RNA polymerase to begin transcription

A

Promoter

59
Q

Messenger RNA is produced during the process of ________.

A

Transcription

60
Q

Nucleotide sequences of RNA that are complementary to codons to mRNA are called ___________.

A

Anti-codons

61
Q

A sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid in the synthesis of protein is called a(n) ___________.

A

Codon

62
Q

The information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA is used to make protein during the process of ___________.

A

Translation

63
Q

The information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA is used to make protein during the process of ___________.

A

Translation

64
Q

The science of naming and classifying organisms is called _________

A

Taxonomy

65
Q

___________ devised the two-name system of naming organisms.

A

Linneus

66
Q

A genus is subdivided into smaller groups called ________

A

Species

67
Q

Each kind of organism on Earth is assigned a unique two-word ____________.

A

Scientific name

68
Q

All scientific names are made up of two words that are often derived from the ___________ language

A

Latin

69
Q

The first word of a scientific name indicates the ________ to which the organism belongs.

A

Genus

70
Q

Eukaryotic organisms that lack specialized tissue systems are members of the kingdom ___________.

A

Protista

71
Q

The domains of the three-domain system of classification are Archaea, Bacteria, and ____________

A

Eukarya

72
Q

The variety of organisms at all taxonomic levels is called

A

Differed

73
Q

The Greek philosopher ___________ classified organisms as either plants or animals

A

Aristotle

74
Q

__________ is the study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environment.

A

Ecology

75
Q

An ecosystem of the living and ____________ environment

A

Non living

76
Q

The physical area in which an organism lives is called its _________.

A

Habitat

77
Q

An ecological model is limited in its application because no model can account for every _____________ in its environment.

A

Variable

78
Q

The __________ of an organism includes its habitat, its feeding habits, other aspects of its biology and its interactions with other organisms and with their environment.

A

Niche

79
Q

If a deer in a forest is classified as a herbivore, then the cougar that eats the deer is classified as a(n)

A

Carnivore

80
Q

Animals that eat only primary producers are classified as ____________

A

Herbivores

81
Q

Bacteria that breakdown dead tissue are called _____________

A

Decomposers

82
Q

When the interrelated food chains in an ecosystem are represented together, the model is called a(n)

A

Food web

83
Q

A one- way path of feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem is called a(n)

A

Food chain

84
Q

An energy pyramid shows the amount of energy contained in the bodies of organisms at each ______________ level

A

Trophic

85
Q

Every time energy is transferred in an ecosystem, some of the energy is lost as ______________.

A

Heat

86
Q

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are the two processes that form the basis of the biogeochemical cycle known as the ___________ cycle.

A

Carbon

87
Q

The conversion of nitrogen gas to nitrate by the action of bacteria is called ________

A

Nitrogen fixation

88
Q

The thickening of a plant body by the production of new xylem and phloem is called ____________ growth

A

Secondary

89
Q

The __________ of plants absorb water and minerals necessary for growth

A

Mineral nutrients (roots)

90
Q

The two main types of root systems are fibrous root systems and __________

A

Taproot

91
Q

Primary growth in roots occurs in cells of the _________, carbohydrate storage occurs in cells of the ________, and water absorption occurs through the cells of the __________.

A

Apical meristems, cortex, epidermis

92
Q

The darker wood in the center of a tree trunk is called

A

Heartwood

93
Q

Wood consists primarily of _________ cells.

A

Xyllum secondary

94
Q

The transport of organic molecules from the lead to the rest of the plant is called _________.

A

Translocation

95
Q

The broad, flat portion of a typical lead is called the ___________

A

Blade

96
Q

When the guard cells that surround a stoma fill with water, the stoma ____________.

A

Opens

97
Q

Because animals cannot make their own food, they are said to be ____________

A

Heterotrophs

98
Q

Multicellularity allows for the ________________ of different cells for different tasks.

A

Specialization

99
Q

Unlike bacteria and most protists, all animals are ____________, which allows them to become larger than unicellular organisms.

A

Multicellular

100
Q

Since sponges do not have body parts that grow around a central point or a line as you all other animals sponges are said to lack ____________

A

Symmetry

101
Q

An animal whose body parts are arranged around a central point, like spokes around the hub of a wheel, has ______________ symmetry

A

Radial

102
Q

Organisms with left and right halves that mirror each other are said to have _____________ symmetry

A

Bilateral

103
Q

The concentration of sensory receptors in a head is called ___________

A

Cephalozation

104
Q

The ______ is a fluid-filled cavity that is surrounded by mesoderm

A

Deuterosome

105
Q

An animal without a body cavity is called a(n) _________

A

Acoermatic

106
Q

Terrestrial vertebrates have a(n) _______________ that provides internal structural support for the body

A

Endoskeleton (backbone)

107
Q

In animals with open circulatory systems, circulatory fluid is pumped by the heart into the body __________, whereas in animals with closed circulatory systems, blood is pumped by the heart through the body in ___________ that form a closed loop

A

Caulty, vessels

108
Q

During cleavage, the dividing cells become progressively ______________.

A

Smaller

Biology- Final Review (1 decks)

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