Final Review Flashcards
Identify the extra-cellular cation whose osmotic pressure and location helps move body fluids.
Sodium
identify the tern for an increase in the size of individual cells to increase their work capacity
Hypertrophy
identify the specific process in which water passively moves down its concentration gradient.
osmosis
identify the specific physical structure often required for water to move through a cell membrane.
aquaporin
identify the specific brain structure that produces and secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones.
hypothalamus
identify the organ system that works with the endocrine system to regulate/maintain homeostasis.
nervous
identify the specific tissue that generates extra heat in human and other hemothermic newborns.
brown fat
identify which part of a neuron must remain viable for a damaged or cut axon to regenerate.
cell body
identify the specific nervous system structure that is composed of a bundle of axons.
nerve
identify the specific tonicity (hypo- or hyper-) of a solution that causes the crenation of red blood cells.
hyper
identify the specific tonicity (hypo- or hyper-) of a solution that causes hemolysis of red blood cells.
hypo
identify the specific phase of FDA human clinical trials which tests only the basic target population.
phase II
identify the specific phase of FDA human clinical trials which tests additional uses for a drug.
Phase IV
identify the special sense that most easily stimulates the limbic system or rhinoencephalon.
smell
identify the brain structure that is the body’s thermostat and regulates most endocrine organs?
Hypothalmus
identify the brain specific chemical element that must be removed from proteins before they can enter the krebs cycle and be use for APT production
Nitrogen
identify the metabolic pathway or process in which the liver converts lactic acid to pyruvic acid; pyruvic acid can then be converted to glucose-6-phosphate and then either glucose or glycogen
cori cycle
identify the term defined as decrease in the size of individual cells due to lack of use or innervation
atrophy
identify the term defined as as increase in the number of cells due to mitosis or cell devision
hyperplasia
identify the process by which the hormone or neurotransmitters exit the cell in which they are made
exocytosis
identify the capillary end (arterial or venous) in which net fluid movement is into interstitial fluid.
arterial
identify specifically what determines the net direction of molecule movement is into interstitial fluid.
concentration gradient
identify one specific factor that can directly affect the rate of diffusion across a cell membrane.
surface area
identify the mammalian glucose storage molecule present in liver and muscle cells
glycogen
identify the specific molecule identified as the nitrogen waste molecule in mammals.
ureas
identify the process by which cells ingest materials such as molecules, viruses or dead cells.
phagocytosis
identify the specific protein present and responsible for saltatory conduction and action potentials.
myelin
identify the specific extracellular fluid, made from blood in the choroid plexus, that bathes the internal enviornment of the brain and spinal cord.
CSF
T or F:
the cortex of he spinal cord is gray due to the presence of large numbers of neuron cell bodies
F
T or F:
oxygen is requires for maximal ATP production but does not store energy for the cell
T
T or F:
capillary fluid pressures can help move nutrients, wastes and other molecules in and out of interstitial fluid space with out the use of ATP or other energy sources.
T
T or F:
tranaminiation is how the liver converts essential amino acids into other amino acids for the body
T
T or F:
glycogenesis produces glucose for ATP production and elevates blood glucose levels
F
T or F:
The brain is about 1% of human body weigh but needs at lease 50% of total blood flow.
F
T or F:
ATP is the only molecule that can “couple” metabolic reactions by trapping or releasing energy
F
T or F:
passive transport moves molecules against the concentration gradient
F
T or F:
blood osmotic pressure decreases as the water concentration of the blood decrease
F
T or F:
positive feedback is much more common that negative feedback in normal metabolic pathways.
F
T or F:
Flow of cytoplasm in an axon can be both toward ans away from the neuron cell body
T
T or F:
apoptosis is cellular death programmed in the genes; necrosis is cellular death due to disease. necrosis is cellular death due to disease.
T
T or F:
the brain is very efficient a utilizing lactic acid and keytones to produce ATP for its function.
F
T or F:
sodium potassium pumps move sodium into the cell and potassium out of the cell.
F
T or F:
intrinsic regulation occurs in the organs being regulated: extrinsic regulation occurs via the nervous and/or endocrine systems
T
T or F:
facilitated diffusion of glucose for re-absorption in the kidney requires a carrier protein
T
T or F:
gluconeogenesis converts carbohydrates into non carbohydrates for use in atp production
F
T or F:
action potentials are seperated by refractory periods no matter how fast they are produced
T
T or F:
in general vitamins funcion as co-enzymes and minerals function as co-factors in metabolism
T
T or F:
increasing strength of a stimulus causes increasing mV changes in action potentals
F
T or F:
a nerve is the functional cell and a reflex is the function work unit of the nervous system.
F
T or F:
the negative resting membrane potential of cells is due to a lack of cations inside the cell
F
T or F:
all over the counter products available in the US are regulated by the FDA
F
T or F:
the pineal gland produces melanin which helps regulate the diurnal or sleep/wake cycle
F
T or F:
the cerebellum initiates all skeletal muscle activity; the cerebrum provides fine motor control.
F
T or F:
the only acceptable isotonic fluid is for intravenous administration is 0.9% saline
F
T or F:
repeated use of a nervous pathway (ie long term poteniation) reduces the efficiency of that pathway, thus creating long term memory
F
T or F:
the liver can raise blood glucose levels, skeletal muscle cannot raise blood glucose levels
T
T or F:
Active transport cam move different molecules in more than one direction simultaneously
T
T or F:
an individual neuron can be both sensory and motor in its function
F
T or F:
the na/k pump is the only way electrolytes cab cross the cell membranes
F
T or F:
autocrine and paracrine signals always travel long distances in the blood to reach their targets cells.
F
T or F:
receptor molecules for regulatory signals such as hormones my be intracellular or extracellular
T
T or F:
facilitated diffusion exhibits specificity, competition and saturation, simple diffusion does not.
T
Identify the fave specific molecules regularly present in blood as potential options for ATP production:
Ketone, lactic acid, glucose, amino acid, fatty acid
list the three major types or categories of memory
sensory, short term, long term
identify two different mechanisms that can open gated channels in the plasma membrans
ligand, chemical
identify the specific hormone that is released when blood osmolarity increases
ADH
Identify the target organ of ADH hormone in which water reabsorption occors
kidney
what does ADH hormone do to blood volume
increases
fluid movement is due to the pumping heart
Blood hydrostatic pressure
pushes fluid and waste molecules out of the interstitial fluid
tissue hydrostatic pressure
pulls water into blood so it can be circulated to the body and liver
blood osmoic pressure
pushed water, glucose and other nutrients to the cells of the body
blood hydrostatic pressure
specifically restores blood concentration osmotic pressure in the venous end of the capillary
blood osmotic pressure
pulls what into the interstitial place to dilute lactic acid from metabolizing cells
tissue osmotic pressure
glandular cell
stable cell
liver cell
stable cell
skin cell
labile cell
spermatogonia
liable cell
neuron
permanent cell
urine in the urinary bladder
not a body fluid
CSF is the central canal of the spinal cord
extracellular fluid
cytoplasm or cytosol
intracellular fluid
plasma
extra cellular fluid
interstitial or lymphatic fluid
extracellular fluid
ingesta or chyme in small intestine
not a body fluid
different isoforms maybe present in different tissues
carrier proteins
each isoform is a totally different function
neither enzymes or carrier proteins
exhibits specificity when binding to other molecules
both enzymes and carrier proteins
can become saturated
both enzymes and carrier protiens
a protein transcribed/translated from a specific gene
both enzymes and carrier proteins
identify the medical term defined as white blood cells
leukeocytes
identify the specific blood formed element that is required for normal hemostasis
thrombocyte
identify the specific blood formed element involved in agglutination
erythrocytes
the maximum life span for formed element thrombocyte
5-9 days
the specific blood formed element that is not intact or complete cell
platelet
one specific dietary nutrient required for normal erythrropoesis
iron
identify the percentage of a hormone remaining after four consecutive half lives
6.25
the maximum life span of an erythrocyte in circulating blood
120 days
the specific gland responsible for production of releasing and inhibiting hormones
hypothalamus
the dietary nutrient required for thyroxine t3/t4 to bind normally to DNA
vitamin A
the specific hormone that increases cs levels in the blood
parathyroid
specific hormone that is antagonistic to the parathyroid hormone
calcitonin
the specific location for the production of the hormone and that decrease ca levels in the blood
thyroid
specific structure (other than the adrenal medulla) with only sympathetic stimulation
sweat gland s
specific molecule in skeletal muscle that prevents a phosphate deficiency form limiting ATP production during intense skeletal muscle exercise
creatine phosphate
the specific location of the most common cause of exercise fatigue
brain cerebrum
ABO/Rh blood type identified as the universal donor of erythrocytes
O-
identify the specific reason for the universal RBC donor designation
no antigen s
identify the specific ABO/Rh blood type that identified as the universal recipient for erythrocytes
AB+
identify the specific reason for the universal RBC recipient designation
no atnibodies
hormone that stimulates uterine contractions and milk movement in to the breast
oxytocin
hormone that regulates BOP via water reaborption in the kidney
ADH
specific location in which the ADH abd Oxytocin are produced
hypothalamus
the anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates growth and development of all body tissues
GH
the anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates production of BMR regulating hormone
TSH
the anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production in breast tissue
prolactin
one anterior pituitary gonadotropin hormone that is present in both males and females
LH
Specific protein that is significantly higher in type I muscle fibers
myoglobin
T or F:
biofeedback occurs when the cerebrum takes over control of the ANS
F
T or F:
atp is required for muscle contraction but not muscle relaxation
F
T or F:
reciprocal innervation by the nervous system stimulates the muscles on one side of a limb at the same time as opposite muscles of the same limb are stimulated
F
T or F:
the cerebellum initiates the nervous system stimulation of skeletal muscles
F
T or F:
when blood vessels are damaged, various chemical messengers cause vasoconstriciton, formation of platelet lug and web of fibrin in the process known as fibrinolysis
F
T or F:
the fetal foramen ovale and ductus arterosus allow blood, already oxygenated by the mother, to bypass the nonfunction fetal lungs prior to birth
T
T or F:
an exogenous supplement of melatonin has no effect on the melatonin feedback system in the body
F
T or F:
type II muscle fibers have more mitochondria and glycogen that type I fibers
F
uses norepinerphrine as a neurotransmitter
only the sympathetic devision of ANS
denervation does not eliminate muscle tone
only the ANS
elevates blood glucose above normal levels
only the sympathetic division of the ANS
includes only efferent or motor messages
somatic motor and ANS
all signals are excitatory
only somatic motor division
uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter
some motor and ANS
vagus never delivers these messages to most thoracic and abdominal organs
only the parasympathetic ANS
usually a two-neuron pathway
only the ANS
pre-ganglionoic neuron cell bodies are located in the thoracolumbar CNS
only the sympathetic devision of the ANS
