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Final Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 types of muscles?

Where are they located?

A

Skeletal - attached to bone (has stripes)

Smooth - digestive tract and blood vessels (no stripes or branches)

Cardiac - heart (branched, some stripes)

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1
Q

Swollen lymph nodes indicate

A

The lymphatic vessels are blocked due to injury or disease

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1
Q

List the passageway of air from the nose to the lungs, including the function of each part of the pathway

A

Nose/Mouth - warms, moistens, and filters the air

Pharynx - back of throat, holds both food and air

Larynx - vocal cords

Epiglottis - flap that covers the trachea when food is swallowed

Bronchial tubes - two large passageways that lead to each lung

Lungs - elastic sacs that are surrounded by pleura

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1
Q

The skin, hair, and nails make up which system

A

Integumentary

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1
Q

This system works to regulate and release hormones into the blood stream

A

Endocrine system

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1
Q

Provides nutrients to the fetus and connects the fetus to the mother’s uterus

A

Placenta

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1
Q

The range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way they use those conditions

A

Niche

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1
Q

How do primary succession and secondary succession differ?

A

Primary Succession: nothing remains, not even the soil; lichens populate first to form soil. Ex. Volcanic eruption

Secondary Succession: soil is still present. Ex. Wildfires

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1
Q

Compare and contrast xylem and phloem

A

Xylem = dead cells that transport water/minerals by capillary action UP the plant (from the roots)

Phloem = living tissues that transport sugar (food) DOWN the plant (from the leaves)

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1
Q

What kind of veins can you expect to find in a monocot?

In a dicot?

A

Monocots = parallel veins

Dicots = branched veins

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1
Q

How is an open circulatory system different from a closed circulatory system?

A

Open System - blood isn’t always contained within blood vessels; it can be pumped through a system of sinuses

Closed System - blood is contained within vessels that extend throughout the body

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1
Q

How many chambers would be found in the heart of a cow?

A

Cows are mammals so it would have a 4 chambered heart

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2
Q

What is a producer?

A

An organism that makes its own food (ex. plants)

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3
Q

Why do plants want to be dispersed far away from their parent plant?

A

To reduce competition

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4
Q

How do fungi get their nutrients?

A

Fungi do _ NOT_ ingest their food. Instead, they digest food outside of their bodies and then absorb it

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5
Q

List common places you would find fungal mold growing

A

Meat, cheese, bread

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5
Q

What are the two major functions of the plant roots?

A
  1. Anchor the plant to the ground
  2. Absorb water and dissolved nutrients from the soil
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6
Q

What are antibiotics and what do they work on?

A

Medicines used to kill bacteria. They do NOT work on viruses.

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7
Q

What effect does a fever have on an infection?

A

It slows down the growth of pathogens

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8
Q

Process by which organisms maintain fairly constant internal conditions

A

Homeostasis

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8
Q

Relaying messages, processing information, and anazyling information are the three main functions of which division of the nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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8
Q

The two parts of the brain stem are:

A
  1. Pons
  2. Medulla Oblongata
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8
Q

An organism that gets its energy by eating other organism (synonym for consumer)

A

Heterotroph

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10
Q

What is the function of valves in the circulatory system?

A

Prevent the back flow of blood

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11
Q

How are decomposers and detritivores different?

A

Detritivores feed on plant and animal remains and other dead matter (ex. worms)

Decomposers obtain nutrients by breaking down dead and decaying plants and animals (ex. bacteria)

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12
Q

The outermost layer of the skin is the _____, and is composed of ________.

A

Epidermis

Dead cells and some living

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13
Q

What controls the activity of the kidneys

A

The composition of the blood

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14
Q

Describe the steps of the Lytic Cycle.

What happens to the host cell in the end?

A

Viruses inject their genetic material (DNA or RNA) into the host cell, then the virus replicates causing the host cell to burst (lyse), and die

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15
Q

How does HIV/AIDS harm your body?

A

It weakens the immune system by killing Helper T Cells

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16
Q

What is the difference between ligaments and tendons

A

Ligaments hold bones together in a joint

Tendons hold bones to muscles

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17
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A fertilized egg

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18
Q

The gametophyte of gymnosperms are found inside what reproductive structure?

(Ex. of gymnosperms = christmas tree)

A

Cones

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19
Q

What imporant feature is located in the cap of the mushroom?

A

Basidia (spore-bearing structure)

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20
Q

An expanded flower ovary

A

Fruit

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21
Q

The branch of biology dealing with interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

A

Ecology

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21
Q

What is the role of fungus as a decomposer?

A

Breaks down dead organisms (decomposers) which is important in improving the quality of topsoil

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22
Q

Testosterone is needed for the development of what?

A

Sperm

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24
Q

Are there muscles in the lungs?

A

NO. Lungs are ELASTIC.

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24
Q

Why can matter cycle through the biosphere?

A

Matter is transformed and recycled

Matter is NOT destroyed or used up

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25
Q

How long does the menstrual cycle last?

A

1 month

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26
Q

What two groups of organisms go together to make lichens?

A
  1. Fungus
  2. Algae OR Cyanobacterium
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27
Q

What is the dermis?

A

The middle layer of the cell that is composed of living cells, blood vessels, nerve endings, glands, and hair follicles

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28
Q

What do tree rings tell us?

A
  1. Age of the tree (count the rings)
  2. Weather patterns like wet/dry years based on the thickness of the ring
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29
Q

The original source of almost all energy in the world

A

The Sun! :)

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30
Q

What are the body’s nonspecific defenses?

Which is the most important?

A

Skin (most imporant), the chemicals and bacteria of the body

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31
Q

An organism that gets its energy by eating other organisms

A

Consumer (ex. Animals)

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31
Q

When one organism benefits and the other organism is neither harmed nor benefitted

Give an example.

A

Commensalism (happy-don’t care)

Ex. Barnacles attached to a whale

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33
Q

All of the members of a particular species that live in one area

A

Population

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34
Q

How do omnivores, herbivores, and carnivores differ?

A

Herbivores eat only producers (plants)

Omnivores eat both producers and consumers (plants and animals)

Carnivores eat only other consumers (lions)

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34
Q

What is a limiting factor?

List examples.

A

A factor that causes population growth to decrease

Ex. Competition, predation, parasitism, disease, natural disasters, human disturbances, availability of resources

35
Q

What parts of the flower are the female reproduction organs?

A

Carpel/Pistil - flowers female reproductive structure

Stigma - top of the style which is sticky to catch pollen

Style - stalk of the carpel/pistil

Ovary - broad base of the carpel/pistil which contains ovules

Ovule - where eggs are produced

37
Q

Abiotic includes

A

All of the nonliving factors in the environment (water, soil, temperature)

39
Q

____% of energy is passed from one trophic level to the next, while the rest is ________.

A

10% passed along

Rest released as heat

40
Q

The most inner layer of the skin that is the fat layer

A

Hypodermis

41
Q

Biotic includes

A

All of the living factors in the environment (animals, plants, predators, prey)

43
Q

The lowest level of environmental complexity that includes living and nonliving factors

A

Ecosystem

45
Q

The largest part of the brain is the _____. It controls ________.

A

Cerebrum

Volunatry actions (walking, answering questions)

46
Q

Cells that break down bone

A

Osteoclast

47
Q

List all the characteristics that a chordate will have at some point in its life

A
  1. A dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  2. A notochord
  3. Pharyngeal pouches
  4. A tail that extends beyond the anus
49
Q

A fungal fruiting body

A

The reproductive structure growing from mycelium in the soil beneath it

(ex. Mushroom!)

50
Q

The stemlike hyphae that run along the surface of whatever the fungus is growing on

A

Stolon

51
Q

The brain stem controls _____.

A

Involuntary actions (heart beat, breathing)

51
Q

What is parasitism?

Give an example.

A

One organism benefits while the other is harmed

Ex. Dog & tick

53
Q

What is a lichen?

A

A mutualistic relationship between a fungus and either an algae or a cyanobacterium

55
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

What do they do?

A

Chemicals

They are used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell

56
Q

____ is produced in the seminiferous tubules inside the male testes

A

Sperm

57
Q

List the 4 things that are recycled through the biosphere.

A
  1. Water
  2. Carbon
  3. Nitrogen
  4. Phosphorous
58
Q

What is included in the male reproductive structure of a flower?

A

Stamen - flower’s male reproductive structure

Anther - produces haploid sperm inside pollen

Filament - thin stalk that supports the anther

59
Q

List 4 human diseases caused by fungus

A

Yeast Infections

Athlete’s Foot

Thrush

Ringworm

60
Q

A ______ is the outer protein coat of a virus

A

Capsid

61
Q

Vascular tissue in plants is __________

A

Continuous from roots to leaves

62
Q

What is a community?

(biological definition please)

A

Different populations that live together in a defined area

63
Q

Drugs that slow down the activity of the central nervous system

A

Depressants

65
Q

On the logistic growth curve, what does the area of exponential growth represent?

A

The area of exponential growth represents when the population is growing quickly.

66
Q

How are Eubacteria different from Archaebacteria?

A

Eubacteria - cell walls have peptidoglycan

Archaebacteria - no peptidoglycan in their cell walls, live in extreme environments

66
Q

In what type of symbiotic relationship do both organisms benefit?

Provide an example.

A

Mutualism (happy-happy)

Ex. Bee & Flower; Clownfish & Anemone

67
Q

Compare primary and secondary stem growth

A

Primary - when the stem grows longer (from the top)

Secondary - when the stem grows thicker (tree rings)

69
Q

The combined portions of Earth in which all living things exist

A

Biosphere

70
Q

What is the defintion of a protist?

A

Eukaryote, multicellular, most diverse kingdom; organisms are similar to plant, animal, and fungus

71
Q

How does the function of red bone marrow differ from the function of yellow bone marrow?

A

Red bone marrow produces red blood cells

Yellow bone marrow is made up primarily of fat cells

73
Q

Which organisms have the most efficient lungs?

A

Birds

75
Q

The main organs of the excretory system are:

A

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

76
Q

This part of the brain is responsible for coordination and balance

A

Cerebellum

78
Q

How do antibiotics fight an infection?

A

They kill BACTERIA without harming the cells of the human or animal host

79
Q

Use the picture to name the three different SHAPES of bacteria. Be able to identify them.

A

A. Bacilli - rod shapped bacteria

B. Spirilla - a helical or corkscrew-shaped bacteria

C. Cocci - spherical or oval shaped bacteria

80
Q

What system acts similar to a transportation system?

A

Circulatory

81
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

When your immune system fails to distinguish self from nonself

82
Q

What are the jobs of the sepal and petal?

A

Sepal - enclose the flower bud before it opens

Petal - brightly colored to attract pollinators

83
Q

What is chyme?

A

Partially digested food from the stomach

85
Q

What happens to your white blood cell count when you get an infection?

A

The number of white blood cells (WBC’s) increases

86
Q

The endocrine system is made up of

A

Glands

87
Q

An enormous mass of algae

A

A “bloom”

88
Q

How is a first level consumer different than a second level consumer?

A

A first level consumer eats producers

A second level consumer eats the first level consumer

89
Q

What are 2 ways bacteria cause disease?

A
  1. Damaging cells and tissues
  2. Releasing toxins (bacteria poop)
91
Q

Strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone

A

Cartilage

93
Q

The number of individuals per unit area

A

Population density

94
Q

How does carbon cycle through the biosphere?

A

Biological processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition

Geochemical processes such as erosion and volcanic activity

Human activities such as mining, burning forests, and burning fossil fuels

95
Q

What is the difference between a food web and a food chain?

A

A food chain **is a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy from one to another by eating and being eaten (one way**)

A food web is an ecological model of the relationships that form a network of complex interactions among organisms in a community from producers to decomposers.

96
Q

Compare the flowers, stems, and roots of monocots and dicots

A

Monocots:

Flowers - multiples of 3; Stems - vascular bundles are scattered throughout them; Roots - fibrous and stringy

Dicots:

Flowers - multiples of 4 or 5; Stems - vascular bundles are arranged in a ring; Roots - long deep taproot (ex. carrot)

97
Q

What 4 characteristics do ALL plants share?

A
  1. Eukaryotes
  2. Multicellular
  3. Autotrophs (producers)
  4. Cell walls are made of cellulose
99
Q

Where are the instructions kept for making a new virus?

A

In either the virus’s DNA or RNA

100
Q

How are veins different from arteries?

A

Veins - thinner walls, have valves, carry blood towards the heart

Arteries - thicker walls, do NOT have valves, carry blood away from the heart

101
Q

What is a biome?

A

It is an environment identified by its particular set of abiotic (nonliving) factors and its characteristic ecological community

103
Q

List the passageway of food from the mouth to the anus and the function of each part in the passageway

A

Mouth - mechanical digestion (chewing) and chemical digestion (saliva produces amylase to break down food)

Pharynx - passes food, fluid, and air through (peristalsis)

Esophagus - food tube between the pharynx and stomach

Stomach - breaks food down into a soft, partially digested mixture (chyme)

Small intestine - most of the food absorption

Large intestine - removes water from remaining waste

Rectum - holds waste; Anus - muscle at the bottom of the rectum

104
Q

Which enzymes are found in the mouth and the stomach?

What do they each digest/break down?

A

Amylase (mouth) - breaks down starches into sugars

Pepsin (stomach) - breaks down proteins

105
Q

(Immigration/Emigration) is the movement of organisms INTO a given area from another area

(Immigration/Emigration) is when organisms move OUT of the population

A

Immigration = In

Emigration = Out (exit)

106
Q

What are specialized sex cells called?

A

Gametes (eggs and sperm)

107
Q

The tangled mass of hyphae that makes up the body of a fungus

A

Mycelium

108
Q

Which plants do not possess xylem or phloem?

A

Non-vascular plants like mosses

109
Q

Describe the steps of the Lysogenic Cycle.

How is it different from the Lytic Cycle?

A

The viral DNA is replicated with the host DNA; New viruses are NOT produced immediately; The virus can remain in stage for a long time (dormancy/sleeping) because the host cell is NOT lysed immediately; The virus wakes up and moves into the lytic cycle

110
Q

What is a bryophyte? Where does it grow and what do they NOT have?

A

Low growing plants that can be found in moist, shaded areas, where water is in regular supply.

Includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

They do NOT have vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)

111
Q

What are hyphae?

A

The thin filaments which can have cross walls or not

(know cross walls)

113
Q

Monocots have ___ seeds and Dicots have ___ seeds

A

Monocots = 1 cotyledon (mono means 1)

Dicots = 2 cotyledon (di means 2)

(Know the pictures)

114
Q

What are the FIVE functions of the skeleton?

A
  1. Supports the body
  2. Protects the internal organs
  3. Provides for movement
  4. Stores mineral reserves
  5. Provides a site for blood cell formation
115
Q

How does a muscle contract?

A

Thin filaments in a muscle fiber slide over thick filaments in a muscle fiber

116
Q

Cells that produce bone

A

Osteoblasts

117
Q

What is a rhizoid?

A

Rootlike hyphae that penetrate the surface of whatever the fungus is growing on

118
Q

Drugs that increase heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate

A

Stimulants

119
Q

An injection of a weakened or mild form of the pathogen that stimulates the immune system to create plasma cells ready to produce antibodies

A

Vaccine

120
Q

The human body contains _________ liters of blood

A

4 to 6

121
Q

A natural phenomenon that maintains Earth’s temperature range

A

The Greenhouse Effect

122
Q

An organism that makes its own food (synonym for producer)

A

Autotroph

123
Q

How does energy travel through the biosphere?

A

Energy flows in one direction

Biology Final Review (1 decks)

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