Final review Flashcards
filtration
occurs in the glomerulus
- more permeable to water and solutes than capillaries elsewhere in the body
- molecules too large are not filtered; large plasma proteins, WBC, RBC, platelets
- filtrate is forced from from glomerulus into capsule
3 processes of urine formation
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion
tubular reabsorption
involves the transfer of substances from tubular lumen into peritubular capillaries or back to the blood
- highly selective and variable process
Na+ reabsorption
- an active Na+/K+ pump is essential for Na+ reabsorption of total energy spent by kidneys, 80% is used for Na+ transport
Na+ reabsorption - hormone influence
RAAS
- most important and best known hormonal system involved in regulating Na+
- aldosterone works mainly in distal convoluted tubule
glucose and amino acids
are reabsorbed by active transport in proximal convoluted tubule
- if Tm is reached, glucose is lost in the urine
water
most water is passively reabsorbed via osmosis (most common)
- 65% of water reabsorption is obligatory in the proximal tubule (follows Na+)
- vasopressin
tubular secretion
transfer of substances from peritubular capillaries into the tubular lumen or moving substances into the tubes for excretion
most important secretory systems are for ___ and ____
H+ and K+
H+ secretory system
important in regulating acid-base balance
secreted in proximal, distal, and collecting tubules
K+ secretory system
keeps plasma K+ concentration at appropriate level to maintain normal membrane excitability in muscles and nerves
secreted only in the distal and collecting tubules under control of aldosterone
if Na+ reabsorption increases, K+ secretion ____
increases
vascular tone
it reflects the state of partial smooth muscle contract to establish baseline resistance
fluid enters the venule end as a result of what two forces?
plasma osmotic pressure
interstital fluid hydrostatic pressure
basic function of the formed elements
o2 transport
body defense
hemostasis
hematocrit
the ratio of the volume occupied by packed RBC to the volume of the whole blood
three types of plasma proteins found in the blood
- immunoglobulins
- fibrinogen and prothrombin
- albumins
which plasma proteins functions to maintain osmotic pressure?
albumins
hematopoiesis is defined as ………
formation of formed elements
neurtophils
phagocytes, 1st at scene of injury
esinophils
parasitic worms, allergies
basophils
mast cells contain histamine
monocytes
macrophages, garbage cells
lymphocytes
immunity, beta cells, t cells
where are the platelets produced
myeloid tissue
hemostasis
keeping blood where it should be
3 steps involved in hemostasis
vascular spasm
formation of a platelet plug
coagulation (clotting)
thrombin
enzyme that changes fibrinogen to fibrin
fibrin
thread-like end product of the clotting reaction
plasmin
a FIBRINOLYTIC ENZYME
tPA
given to patients with blockages/clots
ultrafiltration occurs at the
arterial end
reabsorption occurs at the
venule end
osmotic pressure = _____ force
pulling
hydrostatic pressure = _____ force
pushing
interstitial fluid
between the cells
fluid outside of the vessel (ECF)
capillary
originating within/inside the vessel
plasma
originating inside the vessel
functions of platelets
- repair damaged blood vessels
- initiates clotting cascade
clotting cascade: Vasoprism
abrupt vasoconstriction of damaged vessel
- decrease radius = increase resistance = decrease blood flow = decrease blood loss
platelets : formation of platelet plug
collection of platelets in contact with exposed collagen in damaged vessel wall (“burr-like”)
platelets: coagulation
formation of fibrin
- transform blood from liquid -> solid (gel-like)
- chemical change to reinforce platelet plug
the mechanical process of breathing is called _______
ventilation
resting inspiration
diaphragm - contract down
external intercostals - contract to expand ribcage
forced inspiration
other accessory muscles (SCM, levator, scap.)
resting expiration
none = passive
relaxation of inspiratory muscles
forced expiration
internal intercostals - narrow ribcage (decrease volume)
- rectus abdominus (abdominal muscles)
the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract which will ____ volume. With this change in volume, pressure will ______, making the inside pressure ____ than the outside pressure. Air will flow ___ ; inspiration
increase
decrease
less
in
partial pressure = _________x_________
total pressure
% compostition
most oxygen in blood travels via ______
hemoglobin
saturation =
loading of oxygen
dissociation =
unloading of oxygen
when partial pressure is high, ________ is high. (lungs)
saturation
when partial pressure is low, ______ is high (tissues)
dissociation
most CO2 in blood transported as ______
bicarbonate
