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Biology 201 > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are some other roles of ATP in the cell beyond anabolism?

A
  1. Synthesis of cellular molecules
  2. Providing molecules with negative charges
  3. Active transport across membranes
  4. Chromosome separation during mitosis/meiosis
  5. Inhibition or activation of proteins
  6. Muscle activity
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2
Q

Define a high energy intermediate using thermodynamic language

A

It is a chemical species in a reaction pathway that has a limited chemical lifetime because the products of its hydrolysis are much more stable that it is, so it has a large negative gibbs free energy, which can be used to drive other non spontaneous reactions.

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3
Q

Rotenone blocks

A

Complex I

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4
Q

Complex 1 is

A

NADH Dehydrogenase

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5
Q

Complex 2 is

A

Succinate Dehydrogenase

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6
Q

Complex 3 is

A

Cytochrome bc1

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7
Q

Complex 4 is

A

Cytochrome c oxidase

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8
Q

Components of the ETC

A

Complexes 1-4, ubiquinone, NADH, FADH2, and ATP synthase and O2 and cytochrome c

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9
Q

cytochrome c transfers electrons

A

one at a time

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10
Q

Antimycin A blocks electron transport in

A

Complex III

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11
Q

Cyanide and CO inhibit

A

Complex IV

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12
Q

When you add an inhibitor to the ETC, upstream of the inhibitor ______ and downstream of the inhibitor________

A

Components are reduced upstream and oxidized downstream

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13
Q

Example of decoupler

A

DNP

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14
Q

Example of ATPase blocker

A

oligomycin

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15
Q

Non competitive inhibitors change what

A

same Km different vmax

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16
Q

Competitive inhibitors change what

A

same vmax different Km

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17
Q

Lower Km is ______ affinity

A

higher substrate

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18
Q

Catalytic efficiency

A

kcat/Km

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19
Q

reduction is an increase in number of

A

C-H and C-C bonds

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20
Q

What is the end product of glycolysis and what does it feed into

A

pyruvate, citric acid cycle and then ETC

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21
Q

3 stages of glycolysis

A

Energy investment, glucose split, energy released

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22
Q

Step one glycolysis enzyme and function

A

Hexokinase, uses ATP to phosphorylate glucose (primes glucose to release energy later), produces glucose 6 phosphate

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23
Q

Step two glycolysis enzyme and function

A

Phosphohexose isomerase catalyses opening of ring of glucose six phosphate, then does rearrangement turning it from an aldehyde to a ketone using water
Makes fructose six phosphate, then makes it into a fructose ring

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24
Q

Step three glycolysis enzyme and function

A

Phospho-fructokinase-1, makes fructose 1-6 bisphosphate

ring has now been phosphoralated twice

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25
Q

Step four glycolysis enzyme and function

A

Opens up ring of fructose 1-6 bisphosphate, and aldolase cleaves it into two molecules
Makes glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate

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26
Q

Step five glycolysis enzyme and function

A

Triose phosphate isomerase turns dihydroxyacetone phosphate into glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

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27
Q

All steps after step 5 of glycolysis

A

Occur twice because step five generates two glyceraldhyde 3 phosphates

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28
Q

Step six glycolysis enzyme and function

A

glyceraldhyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase uses NAD to oxidize glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate, which connects it to the enzyme by a high energy thioester bond which gets replaced with a bond to an inorganic phosphate
Makes 1-3 bisphosphoglycerate

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29
Q

Step seven glycolysis enzyme and function

A

Phosphate on 1-3 bisphosphglycerate gets transferred to ADP to make ATP and 3 phosphoglycerate, enzyme is phosphoglycerate kinase

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30
Q

What step of glycolysis pays back the energy investment of the first three steps

A

The seventh step, when 2 ATP are generated (2 molecules of 1-4 bisphosphoglycerate transfer their phosphates to ADP)

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31
Q

Step eight glycolysis enzyme and function

A

Phosphoglycerate mutase makes 3 phosphoglycerate into 2 phosphoglycerate which has a better energy of hydrolysis

32
Q

Step nine glycolysis enzyme and function

A

Enolase removes a water molecule from 2 phosphoglycerate making the last phosphate group super high energy

33
Q

Step ten glycolysis enzyme and function

A

Transfers the high energy phosphate on 2 phosphoglycerate to ADP to make ATP, enzyme is pyruvate kinase

34
Q

Net production of energetic molecules from glycolysis?

A

1 mole of glucose makes two moles of ATP and two moles of NADH

35
Q

Steps ATP is made in glycolysis, steps NADH is made in glycolysis

A

ATP: 7 and 10
NADH: 6

36
Q

Name the six types of enzymes

A 
Oxidoreductases
Transferases
Hydrolases 
Lyases
Isomerases
Ligases
37
Q

What does an oxidoreductase do

A

transfer electrons in the form of hydride ions or hydrogen atoms (perform redox reactions)

38
Q

What does a transferase do?

A

transfer of a group of atoms from one molecule to another

39
Q

What does a hydrolase do?

A

Transfer a functional group to water (performs hydrolysis reactions)

40
Q

What do lyases do?

A

Breaks bonds between molecules without using hydrolysis, or creates double bonds by removing a molecule

41
Q

What do isomerases do?

A

Produces isomers by moving groups around in a molecule

42
Q

What do ligases do?

A

catalyse condensation reactions during ATP cleavage

Form bonds between two carbon atoms, or a carbon with a sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen

43
Q

What kind of enzyme is hexokinase from step one of glycolysis?

A

Transferase (transfers phosphate group from ATP to glucose)

44
Q

What kind of enzyme is phosphohexose isomerase from step two of glycolysis?

A

Isomerase, opens the glucose 6 phosphate ring and then rearranges to form a ketone from the aldehyde and then puts it back into a fructose ring

45
Q

What kind of enzyme is phospho-fructokinase-1 from step three of glycolysis?

A

Transferase, transfers a phosphate group from ATP to 1-6 bisphosphate

46
Q

What kind of enzyme is Aldolase from step 4 of glycolysis?

A

lyase, breaks into two molecules

47
Q

What kind of enzyme is Triose phosphate isomerase from step five of glycolysis

A

Isomerase, rearranges dihydroxyacetone phosphate into glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

48
Q

What kind of enzyme is glyceraldhyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase in step six of glycolysis?

A

Oxidoreductase (NAD is reduced to NADH, then High energy intermediate phosphoralates ADP)

49
Q

What kind of enzyme is phosphoglycerate kinase from step seven of glycolysis?

A

Transferase, moves phosphate to ADP to form ATP

50
Q

What kind of enzyme is Phosphoglycerate mutase in step eight of glycolysis?

A

Isomerase, transfers phosphate from C3 to C2

51
Q

What kind of enzyme is enolase from step 9 of glycolysis?

A

lyase, removes water and creates a double bond

52
Q

What kind of enzyme is pyruvate kinase in step 10 of glycolysis?

A

Transferase, transfers phosphate to ADP

53
Q

Pyruvate is turned into Acetyl CoA before entering the krebs cycle by

A

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

54
Q

End products of citric acid cycle

A

CO2 NADH and Ubiquinone

55
Q

Two purposes of the krebs cycle

A

Make metabolic precursors and increase cell’s ATP making potential by generating reduced electron carriers like NADH and reduced ubiquinone

56
Q

Krebs/citric acid cycle takes place where in eukaryotes and where in prokaryotes

A

Mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotes, cytoplasm in prokaryotes

57
Q

which product of glycolysis moves across the mitochondrial membrane to take part in the citric acid cycle?

A

pyruvate

58
Q

Is the citric acid cycle anabolic or catabolic

A

catabolic, because we break down elements into smaller molecules and anabolic because its intermediates are used to build biological molecules
So its amphibolic

59
Q

What’s an anabolic process?

A

Build molecules from smaller parts

60
Q

What krebs cycle intermediates are used to make biological compounds?

A

Citrate is used for fatty acids and cholesterol
Alpha ketogluterate is used for amino acids and nucleotides
Succinal-CoA is used to make heme
Malate makes pyruvate
Oxaloacetate can be turned into glucose

61
Q

What upregulates isocitrate and alpha ketoglutamate in the citric acid cycle?

A

High levels of ADP and Ca2+

62
Q

Built in inhibition of citrate synthase

A

Lack of acetyl CoA, too much citrate or too much NADH

63
Q

What built in inhibition is there for isocitrate dehydrogenase?

A

Too much NADH produced

64
Q

What built in inhibition is there for alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase?

A

Too much succinyl-CoA or NADH

65
Q

How many net ATP are produced by glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphoralation together?

A

32 ATP

66
Q

Anapleurotic reactions

A

replenish citric acid cycle intermediates

67
Q

The change in G for converting ATP to ADP is

A

30.5KJ

68
Q

Examples of Acyl phosphates from metabolic reactions

A

Glutamyl phosphate, succinyl phosphate, 1-3 Bisphosphoglycerate

69
Q

Examples of alcohol phosphates

A

AMP, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (steps 4 and 5), 2-phosphoglycerate (steps nine)

70
Q

Enol phosphate

A

PEP (last steps of glycolysis)

71
Q

Why are alchohol phosphates not high energy intermediates?

A

Their products aren’t all resonance stabilized

72
Q

Which carbons of glucose are released as CO2?

A

3 and 4

73
Q

How are vitamins involved in glycolysis

A

NADH –> Niacin
FADH2 –> Riboflavin
CoA –> Panthothenic Acid

74
Q

Prosthetic group in TCA 3

A

Zn 2+

75
Q

TCA 4 prosthetic group and vitamin

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate, and thiamine

76
Q

Thiamine does what

A

spreads out carbocationic charge

77
Q

If you break off a terminal carbon group what is usually involved

A

TPP

Biology 201 (1 decks)

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