Final Review #2 Flashcards
What did Cicero publish
De Oratore, Five Cannons of Rhetoric
What were the main ideas of the oratore?
Crassus and Antonius speak about rhetoric
Views of crassus
A rhetor must know what they’re talking about. Must know everything
Views of Antonius
Civics is what is needed. Philosophy is silly. Can’t know everything
Cicero’s Five Cannons of Rhetoric
Invention, Arrangement, Style, Memory, and Delivery
Invention
Ask questions to see points of contention. Intelligent creativity
Arrangement
How to organize your content. Problem to Solution. Six parts to a roman speech.
Style
Aesthetics to sustain content. Clarity. Imagery/Metaphors. Low, middle, and high
Memory
Memorize speeches
Delivery
How you issue the ideas. Most important part in oratory. Movement, gesture, posture.
Pathos
Emotion
Logos
Logic
Ethos
Credibility
Arete
Manly virtue
Eunoia
Goodwill
Crassus on education
Must be broadly educated
Antonius on education
Must educate someone to govern a state
Components by Bitzer
Exigence, Audience, Constrains
Exigence
A crisis or problem
Audience
People who are capable of being swayed due to what is said
Constraints
Any factors that limit the rhetor
Fitting Response
Situation dictates or prescribes. Rhetoric alters reality in the way things are made to seem with words
Bitzers thoughts on rhetorical situations
Rhetorical situations come spontaneously
Vatz views on rhetoric
Rhetorical situations are made, they don’t just appear. Rhetors make situations
Habermas main ideas
Public sphere, rational discourse, disciplined dialogue, communicative competence, and the idea of people and authority
Public sphere
a domain of our social life in which such a thing as public opinion can be formed.
When was the public sphere created?
In the 18th century
Public Opinion
Criticism and contro over state authorities.
Rational Discourse
A place of discussion among individuals unrestrained by dominant political systems
Disciplined Dialogue
Everything is subject to testing and challenge
Communicative Competence
- A truth claim shared by speaker and hearer
- Hearer is led to understand/ accept the speakers attention
- Speakers adapts to the hearers view
What are some enactments of the public sphere
Media, Internet,
What does the media do?
Gives voice to public opinion
Critiques of Habermas
- Reality- Nothing can make participants equal
- Rationality- Assuming people want rationality
- Public-Private - Hard to make private matters public
Marx’s ideas
Economy determines everything
Habermas liked mass culture or disliked mass culture
He wanted to find a way out of mass culture
Communicative Rationality is what?
We can arrive at a truth that everyone agrees on based on a group of many different people
Materialists
Everyday people are duped by people with power
Symbolists
We the people use language to construct our everyday world. Ex. Myths
Ideographs
A single word that contains and manifests ideology. One term sum of orientation
What is McGee’s idea of a rhetorical situation?
Ideograph theory as a fitting response
Examples of Ideographs?
Rule of law, terrorism, freedom, equality, and family values
What can ideographs tell us?
They can tell us what is bad or good
McGee’s thesis
If a mass consciousness exists, it must be empirically present. Ideology is political language.
Diachronic
Across time. Vertical
Synchronics
At one moment. Horizontal
Example of diachronic
Presidents speech on war
Example of synchronic
First decade of 2000s
Delgado’s Project
A Mexican-American movement of the 60’s and 70’s
What does a political public sphere discuss?
They discuss issues of the state
Natural Enthymeme
Argument with obvious parts omitted
Communicative Competence
A truth claim
Hearer understands speaker
Speaker adapts to hearers views
Disciplined Dialogue
- Everything is subject to testing and challenge
- Everyone can participate
- Truth is when everyone agrees on the better argument
